Apush Textbook Notes

Shaping of brotherhood the States Pangea Split uniting the States organize the Statess Mountains = Rockies, Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Coast Ranges Peopling the Americas 35,000 years ago = Ice Age Glaciers that connected Eurasia with N. America (pre displace daylight Bering Sea) Nomadic Asiatic hunters (immi consort ancestors of the Natives) Trekked across the Bering isthmus for 250 centuries R separatelyed far tip of S. America (15,000 miles from Siberia) By the metre europiumans arrived in 1492, 54 million masses inhabited the two Am. Continents Incas in Peruwhitethornans in Central America Aztecs in Mexico Four Great Nations (Natives, forrader colonists) Aztecs Maya Inca Cahokia Maize = Indian corn Built e brayate cities and carried on widespread commerce Mathematicians ( do accurate astronomical observations) Aztecs Sought the favor of their gods by offer human sacrifices (over 5,000 mass ritu completelyy slaughtered for cr throwing of ONE tribal chieftain) Th e Earliest Ameri fucks gardening Corn gro take ing Accounted for size and sophistication of Na. A. in Mexico and S. A. 000 BC, hunter-gatherers in subalpine Mexico developed wild grass into the staple crop of corn Became faculty of demeanor-time and foundation of complex, voluminous-scare, centralized Aztec and Incan commonwealth-states that eventu anyy emerged Process went in arrears and unevenly Corn place reached American S forbiddenhwest by 1200 BC Pueblo people (Rio Grande v on the wholeey) constructed irrigation agreements to water their cornfields.D gooded in villages of multistory buildings. No dense concentrations of cosmos or complex nation states comparable to the Aztec empire existed in N. Am. impertinent of Mexico when the atomic number 63ans arrived. Mound Builders (Ohio River valley), Anasazi (S stunnedhwest) sustained considerable settlework forcets after(prenominal) incorporating corn lay. Cultivation of MAIZE, BEANS, bray Three-Sister Farmi ng Beans growing on trellis of cornstalks and squash covering the excogitateting mounds to arrest moisture in the soil Highest population densities Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee Natives in N. Am. lived in meek, scattered, impermanent declarations Wowork force t cease to crops, Men hunted, fished, gathered fuel and exculpated fields for planting Iroquois Developed matrili cheeseparing cultures, power and possessions passed round off the female place workforcet of the family line.Natives didnt want to manipuformer(a) nature aggressively R perpetuallyed physical world and endowed nature with spiritual properties Indirect Discoverers of the virgin World Scandinavian seafarers from Scandinavia had chanced upon the northeastern shoulder of N. Am. AD 1000. re earthed near present day crudefoundfound priming coat Lots of grapes depictd Vin farming Forgotten withdraw for in song Europeans Enter Africa Marco Polo (Italian adventurer) returned to Europe 1295, telling tales ab out China Portuguese Columbus Comes upon a pertly World Oct 12, 1492 = Sighted is work in Bahamas Discovery convulsed four continents Europe AfricaTwo Americas ball-shaped economic system When Worlds Collide Columbus Exchange Discovered America Old in the buff Wheat, kail, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever, buckle down labor rising Old Gold, silver, corn, potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco plant, beans, vanilla, chocolate, syphilis new(a) race Hispanic/Latino The Spanish Conquistadores 1500s idol, glory, GOLD. Encomienda Any Spaniard with a farm or a mine can force natives to work for them 1512 sore impartialitys of Spain (to address the above about Encomienda) Europe + Africa + AmericasElizabeth Energizes Eng orbit Francis Crake was a sea dog of Queen Elizabeth Sir Walter Raleigh organized a trip in 1585 in pairing Carolinas Roanoke Island to try to colonized it England on the Eve of Empire 27-28 enclosing enclosure tenancy join-stock companies since barely the outset son of the family could sting, the others wuld look for fortune somewhere else the men joined joint stock exchange companies where they poo guide unneurotic their finances England Plants the throng towns ethnic music Seedling Virginia Company rights of inclinemenReceived contain form Kind pile I for a settlement in the modernistic World Mainly for gold and passage to the Indies Guaranteed to overseas settlers the aforementi adeptd(prenominal) rights of side of meat men Even if their non in the country This would be the start of resentment from colonists before the revolution because of lack of rights of Englishmen 1606 2 ships set down near Chesapeake alcove May 24, 1607 Jamestown was founded After many voyages to Jamestown Many of the colonists were unaccustomed to fending for themselves and also wasted cartridge clip looqueen for gold prat smith Powhatan behind SmithYo ung adventure took control of Jamestown in 1608 His rule was he who shall not work shall not ear In December1607 he was kidnapped by Powhatan and subjected to a mock execution Pocahontas salvage him by putting her head on top of his Symbolism was to impress Smith with Powhatans power and Indians desire for unaggressive relations with the colonist Pocahontas was a intermediary betwixt the 2 position to preserve shaky counterinsurgency and allow for for regimenstuff starving time=winter People would eat dogs, cats, mice, corpses, one man even dispatch his wife and ate her whole 60 settlers survived 609-1610 Pocahontas espouse nates Rolfe and cease the First Anglo-Powhatan contend in 1614 The Second Anglo-Powhatan struggle in 1644 defeat the VirginiansVirginia Child of baccy Economy built on tobacco John Rolfe became the father of tobacco and saved the economy of Virginia 1612 he perfected the methods of fostering and curing weeds The Virginians were so concentrated p lanting tobacco that they had to measurable some of their food It ruined the soil 1619 (year before pilgrims came on the Mayflower)a Dutch ship came and interchange 20 Africans set up of Burgesses epresentative self regimen innate(p) in Virginia in 1619 capital of the United Kingdom Company authorized settlers to summon an prevarication cognise as House of Burgesses royal dependence (what went wrong? ) **1624, James I(detested tobacco and he distrusted the House of Burgesses) revoked pursue of the stickrupt Virginia Company, making Virginia a royal settlement under his control atomic number 101 Catholic harbor Lord Baltimore Maryland 2nd grove colony was founded in 1624 by Lord Baltimore who is of a prominent English Catholic family(4th colony to be put) he created Maryland as refuge for his fellow CatholicsThe Catholics were re state of warfareded with great manors and land Source(s) of tension in the midst of Catholics and Protestants? The Catholic were barons whil e the Protestants were planters There was resentment which hence brewed into the rebellion near the end of the degree centigrade Maryland prospered because of the tobacco In fear of being overwhelmed by the Catholics, they supported the act of Toleration in 1649 Toleration of Christians Bad for Jews, atheists granting immunity of worship (how tolerant? Limits? ) Dominion- Many colonies, coerce upon them raw(a) England Confederation -4 colonies, joined willinglyColonzing the Carolinas Carolina was founded un 1670s Rice was main export North Carolina separated from South Carolin in 1712 to the highest degree independent minded(p) and to the lowest degree aristocratic of the 13 Late Coming Georgia The Buffer Colony outlive of the 13 Georgia was to serve as abuffer Protected the valuable Carolinas (sugar/rice) from Spaniards (FL) and french (LA) Name after George II Founded by high minded group of philanthropists Produced silk/wine harbor for sould imprisioned for depts. Pla ntation Colonies Note characteristics Southern ColoniesMaryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia They were devoted to exporting commercialized agricultural outputs Tobacco and rice Wide scattered plantations crystalise building schools and churches expensive and toilsome close to and for some in NC and GA perfered aristocratic atmospheres each(prenominal) permitted relisious toleration some levy supported perform of England Relied on indentured servants/ buckle downs later on First buckle downs were not Africans, they were Native Americans Constructed on rivers, easily disco biscuited * God hath sifted a nation that he might send Choice Grain into this natural state what does this mean?William Bradford pilgram black marketer2 Rhode Island is the most liberal of the 13 colonies Makers of America The English (50-51) comparison demographics of N. and S ie, indentured males vs. families North was extreme weather, steril soil South hotdiseases fragmen tise crops tobacco, rice, cotton Puritans vs. Indians Review Metacoms War 1675 Metacom (King Phillip by the English)was Massasoits son (chief when the pilgrams get) forged an coalition and mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English billages throught impertinent Engalnd 1676 the war stop and 52 Puritan towns had been assailed 2 towns were destroyed entirely drastically reduced the number of colonoist Seeds of Colonial consent and Independence New England Confederation (note the date) 1643, 4 New England colonies bordered together to form the NE Confederation defense once morest foes or potentional foes Indians, Dutch, cut jamboree servants also were the Confederations problem Each member whole when had 2 votes Exclusive Puritan club Why does Charles II provide charters to Rhode Island and Connecticut? What does this say about the relationship between the colonies (esp. Massachusetts) and England in the seventeenth degree Celsius?Connecticut 1662 a sea to sea cha rter grant which legalized the squatter settlements 1663 Rhode Island original charter which gave kingly sanction to the most ghost kindred toleraent authorities to try and get more colonies of the Kings situation Andros Promotes the First American mutation Dominion of New England 1686 How is it different from New England Confederation? It was enforce from capital of the United Kingdom Embraced all New Engalnd and accordingly include NY and East and western tee shirt Aimed at bolstering colonial defence in the event war with the Indians What is its relationship to the Navigation presents?Designed to promot urgently needed efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws Laws reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the 17th centery Sought to stitch Engalnds overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland by throttling American plow with countries not miss by England Caused lots of smuggling Why does the Dominion break up? Head of he Dominion was Sir Edmund Andros Military background Harsh, strict He generated much hostility by his on the fence(p) affiliation with the despised church service of England Colonist were outraged by noisy and Sabbath profaning soldiers He halt town meetingRestrictions of church, school, press Taxed people without consent En oblige unpopular Navigation Laws, capture smuggling 688-1689 colonists engineered the memorable Glourious (Bloddless) Revolution broke up because of the Glourious War in England Dethrouned Chaotlic James II and enthroned Protestean rulars of Netherlands William III and Mary Found him because he appareled as a human How does turning Massachusetts into a Royal Colony affect Puritan control of politics? Why do William and Mary of England do this? Turned into royal colony in 1691New charter and governer *****What is Salutary Neglect, why does it begin, and what were its limits? New monarchs relaxed their grip on colonial change Period of salutary neglect Hands off appro ach part of revenue enhancementation, didnt really enforce it Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors & Dutch Residues in New York *Peter Stuyvesant Expedition in 1655 led unconnected his leg soldiering in the West Indies Charles II and the founding of New York 1664 Charles II allow the welkin to his Brother Duke of York New Amsterdam call New York Dutch legacyDutch peppered place names all over including Harlem, Brookyn, hell Gate, Easter eggs, Santa, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, and Kolf (golf) Penns Holy Experiment in protoactinium ally pop and Its Neighbors Quakers Arose in England during mid 1600s Offensive to policy-making science, civil and religious No clergy Deep conviction, abhorred strife and warfare Refused military service Advocates of passive erect nowification Pacifist (some of the 1st abolitionists) William Penn 1681 he restored a grant of fertile land from the kingPennsylvania (Penns Woodland) Best advertised of all colonies Unlike others Penns inducements were rightful(a) Liberal land form _or_ system of governing body William Penn & Pennsylvania Launched his own colony in 1681 Philadelphia (brotherly love in Greek) Penn bought land from the Indians including Chrief Tammany He was so fair that the Quakers were among them deprive and even used them as babysitters Philadelphia Quakers and Indians Quaker tolerance (others religions slavery) and the Scots Irish Very civil Other non Quaker and non Europeans moved in andWas signally liberal and had a compensateative assembly take by land owners No evaluate supported state church Death penetly exclusively for treason and murder Forced by king to deny Jews and Catholics boting rights Attarted spicy mix of ethic groups Quakers were shwerd businessmen By 1700 Penn surpassed BA and MAs population and riches New Jersey started in 1664 The Middle ship canal in the Middle Colonies Name the middle colonies NY, NJ DE, PN bread colonies bread-basket of the British coloni es in America PN NY NJ Heavy wheat economy (now its middle west , Nebraska, Iowa.Make the comparison Middle Colonies in more than just name land holding politics, industry Mid individualized manner between New England and the southern largely intermediate in size (except NY) Fewer industries than north no plantation like the south Religious tolerance Good economy Most American explain All rounded Made it too the lifesize city on his own Very successful Ethnically mix Different religions Most democratic Europeans and Africans adapted to the New World, Natives adapted to newcomers unfaltering doctrines of Puritanism softened All colonies remained tied to England Regional differences Increasing importance of slave labor to southern way of life The Unhealthy Chesapeake Nasty, brutish, shot life for ChesapeakeMalaria, dysentery and typhoid took lots of lives Majority of immigrants were star men in their late teens and early twenties (most perished soon after arrival) Weak family ties Chesapeake eventually acquired opposition More women, more families End of 17th century, white population of Chesapeake grew base on birthrate The Tobacco Economy Chesapeake immensely hospitable to tobacco cultivation Intense cultivation exhausted soil This enormous turnout depressed prices, still colonial Chesapeake tobacco growers responded to falling prices in the acquainted(predicate) way of farmers by planting still more acres to tobacco and bringing still more product to marketMore tobacco = More labor Indians died too quickly African slaves cost too much England had may displaced farmers Indentured servants Virginia and Maryland Headright System = Encourage importation of servant workers master reaped benefits of landownership Investments in servants into vast holdings in real estate White slaves delineated more than ? of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century Indentured servants Hard but hopeful life. Freedom due s. Frustrated Freemen and Bacons Rebellion Broken hopes of acquiring land Hard to find single woman to marry having little affaire in the country and create tumults at the election to the disturbance of his majestys peace William Berkeley (Virginian regulator) near 1,000 Virginians broke out of control in 1676 Revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon (planter) *Rebels mainly frontiersmen Fiercely resented Berkeleys friendly policies toward Indians (whose thriving fur tidy sum the governor monopolized * slash murderously upon Indians, friendly and hostile alike, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, and put the torch to the seat of disposal * Berkeley hung over 20 rebels * Distant English King could scarcely approximate depths of passion and fear that Bacons Rebellion excited in Virginia enkindled smoldering unhappiness of landless former servants Pitted frontiersmen once morest haughty nobility Less troublesome laborers to toil in the restless tobacco nation Eyes it on Africa. C olonial break ones backry 10 million Africans 400,000 of them terminate up in N. Am. Africans brought to Jamestown 1619, but as late as 1670s, numbered only 2,000 in Virginia 1680s Rising wages in England shrank pool of penniless folk By mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white servants among the plantation colonies new arrivals 1698, Royal African Company lost monopoly on carrying slaves to colonies Rhode Islanders rushed to cash in on lucrative slave trade Blacks accounted for nearly half the population of Virginia by 1750 S.C. , outnumbered whites two to one Death rates on ship as high as 20% Few of earliest African immigrants gained freedom (some became slaveowners) White colonist reacted remorselessly to racial threat RACE 1662, statues appeared that officially decreed the iron conditions of slavery for blacks Slave Codes make blacks and their children the property (or chattels) for life of their white masters Not even conversion to Christianity could qualif y a slave for freedom Slavery begun because of economic reasons Racial discrimination strongly molded American slave system Africans in America South, slave life especially severe Climate hostile to health Only fresh imports could sustain the slave population under conditions Slave population rose Few slave societies in history to perpetuate itself by natural reproduction (Chesapeake) Native-born African-Americans contributed to growth of a stable and typical slave culture Af. Ams. = Mixture of African and American elements of speech, religion and folkways S.C. , unique(p) language Gullah Blended with English and several African languages Ringshout, West African religious dance performed by shuffling in a propagate while answering a preachers shouts, was brought to colonial America, and contributed to learning of jazz Banjo and bongo drum also part of African contributions Slave revolt erupted in NYC in 1712 that cost the lives of dozens of whites and caused execu tion of 21 blacks (burned at guess) S. C. lacks along Stono River exploded in revolt in 1739 and tried and true to march to Spanish Florida (stopped by local militia) No slave grow in American history matched Bacons Rebellion Southern ordering As slavery spread, gaps in Souths social social organization widened Rough equality defined hierarchy of wealth and status in early 18th century Owning gangs of slaves and vast domains of land, planters ruled regions economy and monopolized political powerHouse of Burgesses Before Revolutionary War, 70% of booster cable of Virginia legislature came from families established in VA before 1690 the famed first families of Virginia or FFVs Merchant planters Not gentlemanly Cultivated arts and accumulated noble libraries Businessmen ( tug long hours) One governor allowed servants to get drunk the succeeding(prenominal) day if they would only lay off the liquor long decorous to look after his guests at a celebration or the world-b eaters birthday in 1711 Small farmers Largest social group landless whites Luckless former indentured servants Indentured servants Black slaves = basement of nine Few cities sprouted in colonial South (professional class slow to emerge and revolved approximately great plantations) Waterways provided principal means of transport Roads hard to travel by The New England Family -New England settlers have earnest lives 10 additional years of life expectancy, clean air and water, collected temperature. -New Englanders migrated as families. -Women wedded early (around 20) and had babies every 2 years until menopause. -Because women were dying from giving birth, many women began to fear pregnancy. -Children have guidance from their parents and their grandparents.Strong family relationships. -Southern men frequently died young and left wives as widows. The southern colonies later allowed married women to retain separate title to their property. They were also given the right to inherit their husbands estate. -New England lawmakers worried that recognizing womens separate property rights would cutting off the unity of married people. So, women gave up their property rights when married. -Women couldnt vote, morally weaker than men. -New England authorities begin to restrain abusive spouses. -Divorce was rare and authorities encouraged couples to get back together.Life in the New England Towns -Puritans- concerned about whole community. -After proprietors received grants of land, they moved with their families and started a town. -Consisted of meeting house, houses, village green. -Each family received several parcels of land, a woodlot for fuel, and 2 tracts (for growing and pasturing) -A majority of adults knew how to read and write. -1636- Harvard is established/ -Regular town meetings. The Half- authority cartel and the Salem Witch Trials -New form of sermon jeremiad -Individuals testify that they had received Gods grace and therefore deserved to be a dmitted to the church. 1662 Half-Way Covenant- the agreement between the church and its adherents to admit to baptism.Weakened the distinction between the elect and the others. -Puritans begin to approve anyone into their faith. -Teenage girls claimed to be bewitched by older women. This began the witch hunt -1692-lynching of 21 individuals and 2 dogs -Most accused witches came from families associated with Salems market economy -ended in 1693 when the governor (wife accused of witch-craft) prohibited any further trials and pardoned those convicted. The New England Way of Life -Weather was bad in New England. Soil and climate produced a diversified agriculture and industry. -Indians are well off.Recognized the right to use the land, but individual ownership was alien to them. -English brought pigs, horses, sheep, and cattle from Europe. -Colonists continually clearing forests. -New Englanders scattered. The premature Settlers Days and Ways -The majority of colonists were farmers. -Women on southern plantations and farms wove, cooked, cleaned, and cared for children. Men cleared land fenced, planted and cropped cut firewood and butchered livestock. -Land was cheap. The Spanish were at Santa Fe in1610. The French were at Quebec in1608.The English were at Jamestown, Virginia in1607. Englands imperial Stirrings King Henry VIIIbroke with the Roman Catholic Church in the1530s, launching theEnglish Protestant Reformation, and intensifying the rivalry with Catholic Spain. Elizabeth Energizes England In1580,Francis Drakecircumnavigated the globe, plundering and returning with his ship loaded with Spanish booty. He had a profit of about 4,600%. When the English fleet foiled the Spanish Armada, Spains empirical dreams and scrambleing spirit had been weakened helping to ensure the Englishs naval dominance over the North Atlantic.England on the Eve of an Empire Because an economicdepressionhitEnglandin the later part of the 1500s and many people were left without ho mes, the stage was set for the establishment of an English beachhead in North America. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling In1606, a joint-stock company, cognise as theVirginia Company of London,received a charter fromKing James I of Englandfor a settlement in the New World. The company landed in Jamestown onMay 24, 1607. In1608,Captain John Smithtook over the town and hale the settlers into line.By1609, of the 400 settlers who came to Virginia, only 60 survived the starving winter of 1609-1610. Cultural confrontation in the Chesapeake Lord De La Warrreached Jamestown in1610with supplies and military. He started theFirst Anglo-Powhatan War. The Indians were again defeated in theSecond Anglo-Powhatan Warin1644. By1685, the English considered the Powhatan people to be extinct. Virginia Child of Tobacco John RolfemarriedPocahontasin1614,endingthe First Anglo-Powhatan War. In1619, self- governing body was made in Virginia. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an ass embly, known as theHouse of Burgesses.King James I didnt trust the House of Burgesses and so in1624, he made Virginia a colony of England, directly under his control. Maryland Catholic Haven Marylandwas formed in1634byLord Baltimore. Maryland was made for a refuge for the Catholics to escape the wrath of the Protestant English government. TheAct of Toleration, which was passed in1649by the local representative group in Maryland, granted toleration to all Christians. The West Indies Way Station to mainland America By the mid-17th Century, England had secured its claim to several West Indian Islands. prizewas, by far, the major crop on the Indian Islands.To support the massive sugar crops, millions of African slaves were merchandise. By 1700, the number of black slaves to white settlers in the English West Indies by nearly 4 to 1. In order to control the large number of slaves, theBarbados Slave Code of 1661deniedeven the most fundamental rights to slaves. Colonizing the Carolinas well-mannered war plagued England in the 1640s. In1707, the Savannah Indians decided to end their alliance with the Carolinians and migrate to the back country of Maryland and Pennsylvania, where a new colony founded by Quakers underWilliam Pennpromised better relations.Almost all of the Indians were killed in raids before they could pop out in1710. Ricebecame the primary export of the Carolinas. The Thirteen Original Colonies Name Founded By Year Virginia London Co. 1607 New Hampshire John Mason and Others 1623 MassachusettsPlymouthMaine PuritansSeparatistsF. Gorges 162816201623 Maryland Lord Baltimore 1634 ConnecticutNew Haven Mass. EmigrantsMass. Emigrants 16351638 Rhode Island R. Williams 1636 Delaware Swedes 1638 N. Carolina Virginians 1653 New York Duke of York 1664 New Jersey Berkeley and Carteret 1664Carolina Eight Nobles 1670 Pennsylvania William Penn 1681 Georgia Oglethorpe and others 1733 * France Finds a Foothold in Canada In1598, theEdict of Nanteswas issued by the c rown of France. It granted limited religious freedom to French Protestants, and stopped religious wars between the Protestants and Catholics. In1608, France establishedQuebec. (Catholic) The leading figure wasSamuel de Champlain,an venturous soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title drive of New France. The government of New France (Canada) was under direct control of the king.The people did not elect any representative assemblies. New France Sets Out New France contained one valuable resource beaver. French Catholic missionaries, notably theJesuits, labored with much en thenceiasm to convert the Indians to Christianity and to save them from the fur trappers. Antoine Cadillac- founded Detroit in1701to counteract English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley. Robert de La Salle- explored the Mississippi and Gulf basin, naming it Louisiana. In order to block the Spanish on the Gulf of Mexico, the French planted several fortified posts in Mississippi and Louisiana.The French foundedNew siege of Orleansin1718. Illinois became Frances garden empire of North America because much caryopsis was produced there. The Clash of Empires The earliest battles among European power for control of North America, known to British colonists asKing Williams War (1689-1697)andQueen Annes War (1702-1713). Most of the battles were between the British colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain. The wars ended in1713with peace terms signed atUtrecht. France and Spain were terribly beaten and Britain received French-populated Acadia and Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay.The British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America. The War of Jenkinss Ear started in1739between the British and Spaniards. This small battle became a war and became known asKing Georgess War in America. It ended in1748with a treaty that handed Louisbourg back to France, enraging the victorious New Englanders. George working capital Inaugurates War with France In1754, Geor ge uppercase was sent to Ohio Country to secure the land of the Virginians who had secured legal rights to 500,000 acres. His 150 Virginia militia killed the French leader, causing French reinforcements to come.The Virginians were agonistic to surrender onJuly 4, 1754. In1755, the British uprooted the French Acadians fearing a stab in the back, and scattered them as far as Louisiana. spherical War and Colonial Disunity TheFrench and Indian War (Seven Years War)started in1754. It was fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and on the ocean. In Europe, the principal adversaries were Britain and Prussia on one side and France, Spain, Austria, and Russia on the other. The French wasted so many troops in Europe that they were unable to put enough forces into America.TheAlbany sex actmet in1754. Only 7 of 13 colony delegates showed up. It attempted to unite all of the colonies but the plan was hated by individual colonists and the London regime. Braddocks Blundering and Its outcome widely distributed Braddockset out in1755with 2,000 men to capture forgather Duquesne. His force was slaughtered by the much smaller French and Indian army. (Braddocks Blunder) ascribable to this loss of troops, the whole frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was left open to attack. George Washington, with only 300 men, tried to defend the area.In1756, the British launched aall-out invasion of Canada. Pitts Palms of Victory In1757,William Pittbecame the foremost leader in the London government. He was known as the Great Commoner. He attacked and capturedLouisbourgin1758. To lead the attack in theBattle of Quebecin1759, Pitt choseJames Wolfe. The two contend armies faced each other on thePlains of Abraham, the British under Wolfe and the French underMarquis de Montcalm. Montreal fell in1760. The treaty of Paris (1763)ended the battle and threw the French power off the continent of North America.Restless Colonists Intercolonial disunityhad been caused by enormous distances geographical barriers conflicting religions, from Catholics to Quakers varied home(a)ities, from German to Irish differing types of colonial governments many boundary disputes and the resentment of the crude back-country settlers against the aristocrats. Americans A People of spate In1763,Ottawa chief,Pontiac,led several tribes, aided by a handful of French traders who remained in the region, in a violent discharge to drive the British out of the Ohio country.His warriors captured Detroit in the spring of that year and overran all but 3 British outposts west of the Appalachians. The British countered these attacks and eventually defeated the Indians. London government issued theannunciation of 1763. It prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. (The Appalachian land was acquired after the British beat the Indians). It was made to prevent another bloody eruption between the settlers and Indians. Many colonists do by it. * The Deep Root s of Revolution Two ideas in particular had interpreted root in the minds of the American colonists by the mid 18thcentury 1.Republicanism- a just society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their head-to-head, self-loving interests to the common good. Both the stability of society and the authority of government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry-its capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage. 2. Radical Whigs, a group of British political commentators, made attacks on the use of patronage and bribes by the kings ministers. They warned citizens to be on guard for accomplishable corruption. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Georgia was the only colony to be formed by Britain.TheNavigation Law of 1650 tell that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. It was aimed to go against rival Dutch shippers. The Stamp Tax Uproar out-of-pocket to the French and Indian War, Britain had a very large debt. In 1763,Prime take care George Grenvilleordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing theNavigation Laws. He also secured from parliament theSugar Act of 1764, the first law ever passed by fantan to raise tax revenue in the colonies for England. The Sugar Act increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.TheQuartering Act of 1765required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. In1765, George Grenville imposed a stamp tax on the colonies to raise revenues to support the new military force. This stamp tax, known as theStamp Act, mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying overcompensatement of tax. sevens Forced to Repeal the Stamp Act TheStamp Act social intercourse of 1765brought together in New York City 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies. The members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and requested the king and Parliament to repeal the hated legislation.The meetings ripples b egan to erode sectional suspicions (suspicions between the colonies), for it had brought together around the alike(p) table leaders from the different and rival colonies. It was one shout towardsintercolonial unity. Nonimportation agreements(agreements made to not import British goods)were a stride toward unionism. TheSons of acquaintanceandDaughters of Libertytook the law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements. The Stamp Act was repealed by Parliament in1766. Parliament passed theDeclaratory Act, reaffirming its right to maintain the colonies in all cases whatsoever.The Townshend tea Tax and the capital of Massachusetts Massacre In1767, Parliament passed theTownshend Acts. They put a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. British officials, faced with a breakdown of law and order, landed 2 regiments of troops in the colonies in1768. OnMarch 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and the redcoats opened fired on t he civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them. The massacre was known as theBoston Massacre. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Lord North was forced to persuade Parliament to repeal the Townshend revenue duties.Samuel Adams- master propagandist and engineer of rebellion formed the first local commissioning of correspondence in Massachusetts in1772(Sons of Liberty). Committees of Correspondance were created by the American colonies in order to maintain communication with one another. They were organized in the decade before the Revolution when communication between the colonies became essential. In March of1773, the VirginiaHouse of Burgesses, the lower house of the Colony of Virginia, proposed that each colonial legislature ap direct a standing committee for intercolonial correspondance.Within just a year, nearly all of the colonies had joined. Tea Parties at Boston and elsewhere In1773,theBritish East India Companywas overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the c ompany collapsed, the London government would lose much funds. Therefore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was deceit to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts,Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.OnDecember 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea. (Boston Tea Party) Parliament Passes the insufferable Acts In1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as theIntolerable Acts, which restricted colonists rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges). One such law w as theBoston Port Act.It disagreeable the Boston harbor until damages were compensable and order could be ensured. TheQuebec Actwas also passed in1774, but was not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law this law nullified many of the westward claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west. The Continental copulation and Bloodshed In1774, the1st Continental carnal knowledgemet in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts.The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia, sent 55 men to the concourse. (The 1st Continental sexual congress was not a legislative body, rather a consultative body, and convention rather than a congress. ) After 7 weeks of deliberation, the1st Continental intercoursedrew up several papers. The papers included a announcement of Rightsand s olemn appeals to other British-American colonies, to the king, and to the British people. The creation ofThe Associationwas the most significant outcome of the Congress. It called for a completeboycottof British goods nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.InApril 1775, the British commandant in Boston sent a detachment of troops toLexington. They were to arrogate provisions of colonial gunpowder and to capture the rebel ringleaders,Samuel AdamsandJohn Hancock. At Lexington, 8 Americans were shot and killed. This incident was labeled as the Lexington Massacre. When the British went on to Concord, they were met with American resistance and there were over 300 casualties and 70 deaths. Because of this, the British had awar, rather than a rebellion on their hands. Imperial bearing and WeaknessesThe population of Britain was over 3 times as large as the population of America. Britain also had a much greater economic wealth and naval power. Unfortunately for the British, though, there was rebellion brewing in Ireland, and France, savage from its recent defeat, was waiting for an opportunity to attack Britain. Britain was therefore forced to withdraw much of its military power and concentration away from the Americas. Britains army in America had to operate under many difficulties provisions were short and soldiers were inured brutally.American Pluses and Minuses Marquis de Lafayette- French who was made a major planetary in the colonial army at the age of 19 the French hell-kite his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France. TheArticles of Confederationwas adopt in1781. It was the first written constitution adopted by colonists. Due to the lack of metallic capital in America, Continental Congress was forced to print Continental paper money. Within a short time, this money depreciated significantly and individual states were forced to print their own paper money.A small Line of Heroes AtValley Forge, Pennsylvania, America n men went without food for 3 days in thewinterof1777-1778. Baron von Steuben- German who helped to whip the America fighters into shape for fighting the British. Lord Dunmore- royal (British) governor of Virginia. In1775, he issued a proclamationpromising freedomfor any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army. Lord Dunmores Ethiopian Regiment Congress Drafts George Washington The Second Continental Congress selectedGeorge Washingtonto head the army surround Boston.Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings From April 1775 to July 1776, the colonists were both affirming their loyalty to the king by unfeignedly voicing their desire to patch up difficulties while at the same time raising armies and killing redcoats. In May 1775, a flyspeck American force underEthan AllenandBenedict Arnoldcaptured the British garrisons atTiconderoga and meridian Point. There, a store of gunpowder and artillery was secured. In June 1775, the colonists capturedBunker Hill. The British took it b ack with a large number of soldiers.InJuly 1775, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition, which professed American loyalty to the king and begged to the king to stop further hostilities. The petition was rejected by the king. With the rejection, the Americans were forced to choose to fight to become independent or to submit to British rule and power. In August 1775, King George III proclaimed that the colonies were in rebellion. He then hired GermanHessiansto bring order to the colonies. The shadowy Conquest of Canada In October 1775, theBritish burned Falmouth(Portland), Maine.In the same month, colonists made an attack on Canada in hopes that it would close it off as a possible source for a British striking point. The attack failed whenGeneral Richard Montgomerywas killed. In January 1776, theBritish set fire to Norfolk. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense The Americans act todeny any intention of freedombecause loyalty to the empire was deeply ingraine d many Americans overlayd to consider themselves apart of a transatlantic community in which the mother country of Britain played a leading role colonial unity was vile and open rebellion was dangerous.Thomas Painereleased a folder calledCommon Sensein1776. It argued that the colonies had outgrown any need for English domination and that they should be given independency. Paine and the Idea of Republicanism Thomas Paine called for the creation of a new kind of political society, specifically arepublic, where power flowed from the people themselves. Jeffersons Explanation of Independence On July 2, 1776,Richard Henry Leeof Virginiasresolution of declaring independence was passed. It was the formal declaration of independence by the American colonies.Thomas Jeffersonwas appointed to plan up theDeclaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independencewas formallyapprovedby Congress onJuly 4, 1776. It was an explanation of everything the king had done to the Americans. Patriots a nd Loyalists During the War of Independence, the Loyalists were called Tories and the Patriots were called Whigs. Tory a thing whose head is in England, and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched. The Loyalists made up 16% of the American population. Many people of positions of life and wealth remained loyalto England.Loyalists were most numerous where theAnglican churchwas strongest. TheLoyalistswere well entrenched inNew York City, Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania,andNew Jersey. They were least numerous in New England. ThePatriotswere numerous wherePresbyterianism and Congregationalismflourished-mostly in New England. The Loyalist exodus Before the Declaration of Independence, the Loyalists were treated relatively mild. After, though, they were hanged, imprisoned, and roughly handled. They Loyalists were forced to cash in ones chips because the Patriots had to eliminate their weaknesses.General Washington at Bay TheBritishconcentratedNew York Cityas a base of operation due to the fact that Boston was evacuated in March 1776. In1776, General Washington and his men were overpowered by the British at theBattle of Long Island. Washington and his men escaped to Manhattan Island. General William Howewas General Washingtons adversary. OnDecember 26, 1776, Washington move and captured1,000 Hessianswho were sleeping. Burgoynes Blundering Invasion London officials had an intricate scheme for capturing the vitalHudson River valley in 1777.It would sever New England from the rest of the states and paralyze the American cause. The main incursive force, lead byGeneral Burgoyne, would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada. General Howestroops in New York, if needed, could advance up the Hudson River to meet Burgoyne near Albany. The 3rdforce was commanded by colonelBarry St. Leger, who would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario and the Mohawk Valley. General Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command atSaratogaonOctober 17, 1777to American generalHoratio Gates(Burgoynes Blunder).This win made it possible for the urgently neededforeign aid from France. (Turning point in war. ) Strange French Bedfellows After the shooting atLexingtonin April 1775, French secretly provided arms to the Americans. The British offered the Americanshome ruleafter the Battle of Saratoga. The French didnt want Britain to regain its colonies for fear that Britain would seize thesugar rich French West Indies. In order to stop this, theFrench made an open alliancewith the Americans in1778, offering all the British did with the exception of independence.The Colonial War Becomes a World War Spain and Holland became ally against Britain in1779. The British decided to evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate their strength in New York City. Blow and Counterblow General Benedict Arnoldturned traitor against the Americans in 1780. General Nathaniel Greenesucceeded in clearing most British troops out of Georgia and South Carolina. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier TheTreaty of Fort Stanwix- (1784) the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation signed with the Iroquois.George Rogers Clark- conceived the idea of capturing the British of the wild Illinois country in 1778-1779. John Paul Jonesis known as the father of the navy. He employed the tactic of privateering. Privateering- when privately owned and crewed vessels were authorized by a government during a wartime to attack and capture enemy vessels, men, cargo, etc it diverted manpower from the main war effort it brought in needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American esprit de corps by providing victories in a time when victories were few. Yorktown and the Final CurtainFrom 1780-1781, the U. S. government fell nearly bankrupt. British General Cornwallisfell back to Chesapeake Bay atYorktownto await seaborne supplies and reinforcements. This time in war was one of the few times when British naval superiority had been lacking. full adm iral de Grasseoffered to join the Americans in an assault of Cornwallis via the sea. George Washington, along withRochambeaus army, and Admiral de Grasse cornered Cornwallis. He was forced tosurrender on October 19, 1781. Peace at Paris In 1782, a Whig ministry replaced the Tory regime of Lord North.Conditions of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 British formally recognized the independence of the United States. Florida is given to Spain. Britain granted generous boundaries, stretch to the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. Yankees were to retain a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland. The Loyalists were to no longer be prosecuted. Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that confiscated Loyalist property be restored. The states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of Loyalist property collection.Ben Franklin,John Adams, andJohn Jaynegotiated the peace terms with Britain. The Pursuit of Equality The Continental host officers formed an exclusive hereditary order called theSociety of the Cincinnati. Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom-created in1786by Thomas Jefferson and his co-reformers stated that religion should not be imposed on anybody and that each person decided his/her own faith. The PhiladelphiaQuakersin1775founded the firstanti-slavery society. The 1st Continental Congress called for the completeabolition of the slave tradein1774.Several northern states went further and either abolished slavery altogether or provided the gradual emancipation of slaves. No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery. shaping reservation in the States The 2nd Continental Congress called upon the colonies in1776to draftnew constitutions. Massachusetts called a special convention to draft its constitution and then submitted the final draft to the people. Aswrittendocuments, the state constitutions were intended to represent afundamental law, superior to the short-lived impulses of ordinary legislation.In the Revolutionary era, the capitals of New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were all moved westward. scotch Crosscurrents Economic democracy preceded political democracy. Due to the independence from Britain, the United States had to make everything on its own which it no longer imported from Britain. Many Americans were poor because the economy was so bad. Creating a Confederation Shortly before declaring independence in 1776, the 2ndContinental Congress appointed a committee to draft a written constitution for the new nation.The finished product was theArticles of Confederation. It wasadoptedby Congress in1777and it convinced(p) France that America had a genuine government in the making. The Articles of Confederation wasntratified by all 13 colonies until 1781. The Articles of Confederation Americas First Constitution The 13 colonies were joined together for joint action in dealing with common problems such as fo reign affairs. Congress had 2 major handicaps It had no power to modulate commerce, and this loophole left the states free to establish conflictingly laws dissembleing tariffs and navigation.Congress couldnt enforce its tax collection weapons platform. The states were not required to pay the government taxes, they were merely asked. Landmarks in Land Laws Land Ordinance of 1785- stated that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- a uniform national land policy created the Northwest Territories and gave the land to the government, the land could then be purchased by individuals when a territory had 60,000 people, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the 13 other states.The Worlds Ugly Duckling Britain declined to make any commercial treaty with the colonies or to repeal its Navigation Laws. Lord Sheffieldargued in his pamphlet that Britain coul d win back Americas trade. TheBritish remained in the Americaswhere they maintained their fur trade with the Indians. The American states did not honor the treaty of peace in regard to debts and Loyalists. The British stayed primarily to keep the Indians on the side of the British so to defend against future attacks on Canada by the Americans. Spain was openly unfriendly to the Americans.It closed off the Mississippi river to commerce in1784. The Horrid Specter of disorder Shays Rebellion- in western Massachusetts in1786 when impoverished back-country farmers, who were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies, attempted to enforce their demands of cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers led byCaptain Daniel Shays. The uprising was broken in but it left fear in the propertied class of mobs. A Convention of Demigods In1786, Virginia called for aconvention at Annapolis, Maryland.There,Alexander Hamiltonsaved the conventio n from collapsing delegates from only 5 states showed up. He called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with just commerce, but tofix then entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. Alexander Hamiltonwas an sanction of a super-powerful central government. OnMay 25, 1787, 55 representatives from all of the states except for Rhode Island were sent to Philadelphia to talk of the government in the future of the country. (Constitutional Convention) George Washington was elected as the leader. Patriots in PhiladelphiaThe delegates hoped to save the revolutionary idealism and make it into a strong political structure. Hammering Out a Bundle of Compromises slightly of the delegates decided they wouldscrapthe old Articles of Confederation, contradicting instructions from Congress to revise it. The large-state plan was proposed by Virginia and was first pushed forward as the framework of the Constitution. It said that the exhibition in Congress should be based upon a states population. New Jersey presented the small-state plan. It centered on equal representation in Congress without regards to a states size or population.The Great Compromise of the convention was hammered out and finally agreed upon. It called for representation by population in theHouse of Representatives, and equal representation in theSenate. Each state would have 2 senators. The newConstitutionalso called for a hot seat. Because of arguments over if the slaves would count towards the general population of the state, the three-fifths compromise was created. The new Constitution also called for theend of the slave trade by the end of 1807. All new state constitutions except Georgias forbade overseas slave trade.Rhode Island was not present at the Constitutional Convention. Safeguards for conservatism The members of the Constitutional Convention agreed economically-demanded sound money and the protection of private property and politically -favored a stronger government with 3 branches and with checks and balances among them. The Clash of Federalists and Anti-federalists The Anti-federalists were led bySamuel Adams,Patrick Henry, andRichard Henry Lee. The followers consisted of states rights devotees, back country dwellers, and one-horse farmers in general, the poorest class.Federalists were led byGeorge WashingtonandBenjamin Franklin. Most of the Federalists lived in the settled areas along the seaboard. Overall, they were wealthier than the Anti-federalists, more educated, and better organized. They also controlled the press. The Great Debate in the States Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New Hampshire were the first 9 states to sign the Constitution. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island were the only states to not sign it. (4 Laggard States)The Four Laggard States Virginia, New York, and North Carolina all ratified the Constituti on before it was put into effect. Rhode Island was the go away state to sustain it and it did so only after the new government had been in operation for a few months. These 4 states did not ratify the Constitution because they wanted to but because they had to. They could not safely exist after-school(prenominal) the fold. A Conservative Triumph The architects of the Constitution contented that every branch-executive, judiciary, and legislative-effectively represented the people.By imbedding the principle of self-rule in a self-limiting system of checks and balances among these 3 branches, the Constitution settled the conflicting doctrines of liberty and order. * Washington for President George Washington was nemine contradicente elected as President by the Electoral College in1789. He took the oath of office on April 30, 1789. He established the cabinet. At first, secretary of State Thomas Jefferson,Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, andSecretary of War Henry Knoxser ved under Washington. Bill of Rights James Madisonwrote theBill of Rightsand got them passed by Congress in1791.TheJudiciary Act of 1789created the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal territorial dominion and circuit courts, and established the office of attorney general. John Jaybecame the first mind jurist. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit In order to create a thriving federal government,Alexander Hamiltonset out to create a plan to shape the policies of the administration in such a way as to favor the wealthier groups. These wealthier groups would then gratefully lend their money and political support to the government. The wealth in the government would then trickle down through society.In this plan, Hamilton persuaded Congress to fund the entire national debt at par, importee that the federal government would pay off its debts at face respect plus accumulated interest. This would strengthen the national credit by creating p ublic confidence in the small Treasury department. He then convinced Congress to take on the states debts, which would create confidence in the government by the states. States with large debts, like Massachusetts, were delighted with Hamiltons proposal, but states with small debts, like Virginia, did not want the government to assume state ebts. Virginia did, however, want the extrovert federal district, the District of capital of South Carolina, which would bring commerce and prestige. So Virginia made a deal with the government the government would assume state debts if the District of Columbia was placed on the Potomac River. The deal was passed by Congress in1790. Customs, Duties, and move Taxes One of Hamiltons objectives was to keep anational debt, believing that the more creditors to whom the government owed money, the more people there would be with a personal stake in the success of the government.In this objective, he expectedtariff revenuesto pay interest on the huge d ebt and run the government. The first tariff law, which imposed a low tax of 8% on the value of imports, was passed by Congress in1789. Its purpose was to create revenue and to create a small protective wall around small industries. He passed additional native revenue and, in1791, convinced Congress to pass anexcise taxon a few domestic items, notably whiskey. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a depose Alexander Hamilton proposed a confide of the United Statesthat could print paper money and thus provide a stable national currency.The national bank would also be place where the Treasury could deposit monies. Thomas Jefferson strongly opposed the Bank stating it was unconstitutional. He felt that the states had the right to manage their own money. Most of the opposition came from the south and most of the support came from the north. Hamilton prevailed and the 1stBank of the United States was created in1791. Its charter lasted for 20 years and was located in Philadelphia. Mutinous Moo nshiners in Pennsylvania TheWhiskey Rebellionin Pennsylvania in1794was lead by distillers who strongly opposed the 1791 excise tax on whiskey.The rebellion was ended when President Washington sent in federal troops. Although the troops faced no opposition, a strong nub was sent by the government stating that it would enforce the law. The Emergence of political Parties Political parties had not existed in America when George Washington took office. What was once a personal feud between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had developed into a full-blown and bitter political rivalry. In the 1790s, Jefferson and Madison organized their opposition to the Hamiltonian program but confined it to Congress.In due time, this organized opposition grew and thetwo-party systememerged. The Impact of the French Rebellion When Washingtons first administration had ended in 1793, a formation of two political groups had ensued Jeffersonian Democratic-RepublicansandHamilton Federalists. TheFrench Revolutionstarted in1789. It began peacefully but entered a violent phase when France state war on Austria in 1792. Things started to get worse when King Louis cardinal was beheaded in 1793, the church was attacked, and the head-rolling Reign of Terror was begun.At first, the Federalists supported the revolutionbut that view suddenly changed when the attitude of the revolution changed. Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans wanted to get into theFrench and British Warto fightforFrance. The Federalists wereopposed. Washington issued theNeutrality Proclamation of 1793stating the countrys neutrality from the Britain-France war. He was backed by Hamilton. Embroilments with Britain For years, the British had retained the frontier posts on U. S. soil, all in insubordination of the peace treaty of 1783.The London government did not want to quit the valuable fur trade in the Great Lakes region, and British agents openly sold firearms to theMiami Confeder acy, an alliance of 8 Indian nations who terrorized Americans. The Jeffersonians felt that American should again fight Britain in defense of Americas liberties. The Federalists opposed this action because Hamiltons hopes for economic development depended on trade with Britain. Jays Treaty and Washingtons Farewell In a last attempt to avoid war, President Washington sent Chief JusticeJohn Jayto London in1794to negotiate.Opposed by Democratic-Republicans, Jay hammered out a treaty,Jays Treaty, in which the British promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U. S. soil and pay for damages for the seizures of American ships. Britain stopped short of pledging anything about future marine seizures or about supplying arms to Indians. The treaty also called for the U. S. to continue to pay the debts owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary War accounts. Jays Treaty caused Spain, which feared an Anglo-American alliance, to strike a deal with the U. S.InPinckneys Treaty of 1795with Spai n, Spain granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the large disputed territory north of Florida. In his Farewell Address to the nation, Washington urged against permanent alliances. He left office in1797. John Adams Becomes President John Adamsbeat Thomas Jefferson to become to the2ndPresident in 1797. Hamilton became the leader of theFederalist Party, known as the High Federalists. Unofficial Fighting with France France was unordered with Jays Treaty and it started capturing American