Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership

turned on(p) cognizance and Transformational LeadershipThe title of the question is the Relationship surrounded by steamy countersign and transformational leadinghip. The first phrase is discussing about the critical enquiry of the relationship amid stirred discussion and transformational leaders by the reservoir of Dirk Lindebaum and Susan Cartwright. The second article is discussing about the relationship betwixt aroused acquaintance and transformational leaders style and sexual practice comparison of leadership style by the author of Barbara Mandell and Shilpa Pherwani. The purpose of this investigate is to study the relationship between the stirred tidings and transformational leadership. This topic is very interesting because it is describing the relationship between the direction and psychology. Objectives of this enquiry is to evaluate the relationship between the ruttish newsworthiness and transformational leadership, sexual practice comparison of the leadership style, have contributed to the construct of turned on(p) intelligence and its grandness in the bunkplace, comparison and contrast between the two articles. In this research I am going to discuss about how they argon relating turned on(p) intelligence and transformational leadership? How they be describing randy intelligence? And what is the difference between the transactional leadership and transformational leadership? Then how they atomic number 18 analyzing and discussing the relationship between horny intelligence and transformational leadership in the organization?Dirk Lindebaum and Susan Cartwright article seeks to remedy this efficiency. First, it provides a rationale for utilizing a particular creationualization of randy Intelligence. Second, it synthesizes the theoretical concepts of Emotional intelligence and Transformational leadership and offers an overview of a posteriori studies that have investigated the interface between the two. It accordingly proceeds to explain briefly the ruleological concerns related to common mode variance and the implications for research designs. The resultant design of this study explores the relationship between ablaze intelligence (EI) and Transformational leadership (TFL), taking account of common method variance (CMV). Finally, the article discusses its findings in relation to previous studies, its limitations, and recommendations for future research (DirkLindebaum SusanCartwright). The Barbara Mandell and Shilpa Pherwani article is providing the types of intelligence, types of mental abilities, places of emotional intelligence, comparison between transactional leadership and transformational leadership, gender comparison of leadership style, measurement instruments, and statistical depth psychology.In Each article the Mayer and Salovey are giving the definition for emotional intelligence is incompatible in different years. First article is showing the definition of Mayer and Salovey in 1997, they define Emotional intelligence as, (Mayer Salovey, 1997) talent to perceive accurately, appraise, and express emotion the ability to access and/or generate feelings when they facilitate thought the ability to ensure emotion and emotional knowledge and the ability to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual grow. In second article has taken the definition of emotional intelligence from Mayer and Salovey in the year of 1990. Mayer and Salovey defined as, (Mayer Salovey, 1990) emotional intelligence as the ability to monitor ones own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to go by ones own thinking and actions. Both articles are captured the imagination of management scholars and psychologist emotional intelligence (EI) and Transformational leadership (TFL). jibe to Dirk Lindebaum and Susan Cartwright article Emotional intelligence explains 34 percent of the variance in a measure of Transformational leade rship (Butler Chinowsky, 2006), which is an above-average contribution in social science research. Both articles are discussing two models of emotional intelligence. In Dirk and Susan article specifying two types of emotional intelligence that are, quality emotional intelligence and ability emotional intelligence. According to Petrides et al. (2007, p.273), trait emotional intelligence defined as emotion-related dispositions and self-perceptions. Trait emotional intelligence relies upon self-report measure (e.g. the Emotional Quotient Inventory, EQ-i) and assesses typical or preferred modes of behavior, whereas the latter uses ability measures (e.g. the Mayor-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, MSCEIT), with right or wrong answers, and refers to maximum performance in impact emotional information. (Mayer Salovey, 1997). However, representatives of both the trait and ability Emotional intelligence set about maintain that considerable progress of their respective concep tualization has been achieved in new-fashioned years (Mayer, et al., Petrides et al., 2004).According to Barbara Mandell and Shilpa Pherwani two models of emotional intelligence have emerged, these are ability model and mixed model. The ability model defines emotional intelligence as a set of abilities that involves perceiving and reasoning abstractly with information that emerges from feelings. This model has been supported by the researcher of Mayer, Caruso and Salovey (1999) Mayer, DiPaolo, and Salovey (1990) Mayer and Salovey (1993, 1997) and Salovey and Mayer (1990). The mixed model defines emotional intelligence as ability with social behaviors, traits and competencies. This model has found in the create verbally of Goleman (1995, 1998) and Bar-on (1997).In Dirk and Susan article synthesizing emotional intelligence and transformational leadership this is explored first with construe to the conceptual proximity between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership, followed by empirical studies that examined their relationship. Whilst transformational leadership has been variously defined, Burns (1978) characterizes the transformational leaders as someone who looks for potence following, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the followers (p.4). He goes on to suggest that the result is a relationship of mutual stimulation and tip that converts followers into leaders and may convert leaders into moral agents. rich and Avolio (Bass Avolio, 1994) have refined earlier research on Transformational leader (e.g. Bass, 1985) and deconstructed the concept into four components. These are denoted as idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and severalize consideration. Transformational leaders use inspirational motivation to communicate high expectations, a lot drawing on symbolic messages to provide meaning to their followers naturalize (Bass, 1990).Barbara and Shilpa article describing the transformational leadership of two authors like Bass and Avolio. They defined transformational leadership as leadership that occurs when the leader stimulates the interest among colleagues and followers to view their work from a new prospective. According to Barbara and Shilpa the transformational leader generates awareness of the mission or vision of the organization, and develops colleagues and followers to higher levels of ability and potential. In addition, the transformational leader motivates colleagues and followers to look beyond their own interest towards interest that will pull ahead the group. In comparison to transformational leadership, Bass and Avolio (Bass Avolio, 1994) described transactional leadership occurring when the leader rewards or disciplines the follower with regards to performance. Burns (Burns, 1978) described transactional leaders as leaders that accentuate work standards, assignment, and labour-oriented goals. In addition, transactional leaders tend to focus on task completion and giveee compliance, and these leaders rely quite heavily on organizational rewards and punishments to influence employee performance. Bass (Bass, 1997) suggested that transformational leaders (TFL) achieved higher levels of success in the body of work than transactional leaders (TAL). He noted that TF leaders were promoted more often and produced better financial results that TA leaders (Bass, 1997). Bass (Bass, 1997) also observed that employees rated TF leaders more satisfying and effective than TA leaders. Bass (Bar-On, 1997) would attribute transformational leaders superior work performance to high EQ-I scores.In recent years, many studies have examined empirically the link between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership. The books analyze permits the classification of these studies into three prominent streams. Stream1 includes those studies that collected data concerning trait emotional intelligence and transformational lea dership from the same source using self-report measures. Stream2 features studies that administered trait emotional intelligence and transformational leadership questionnaires to different raters. Finally, studies pertaining the stream3 used an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence and collected data relative to transformational leadership from a different source. (DirkLindebaum SusanCartwright). In addition Barbara and Shilpa were saying about gender comparison in their article. They specified as the researchers in the past have also looked at the gender differences for both transformational leadership style and emotional intelligence. Although past research on leadership style differences between men and women has been inconclusive, a review of research on leadership and gender consistently demonstrates that women leaders are often negatively evaluated in comparison to their male counterparts, especially when they employ an autocratic leadership style (Eagly, Makhijani, Klonsky, 1992).To analyzing the relationship between the emotional intelligence and transformational leadership both different authors are using the different analysis methods. Dirk and Susan were used two analysis methods. Barbara and Shilpa were used one analysis method. According to Dirk and Susan two subsidiary analysis methods were used by the researcher. These are (1) escort for stock-still effects and (2) examine the data using randomization. Controlling for fixed effects can be highly desirable as it ensures that estimates are more consistent. In second subsidiary analysis, randomization was used to push examine the relationship between trait emotional intelligence and transformational leadership across all data produced by the same source. According to Barbara and Shilpa ranked regression analysis was conducted to examine the predictive relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style. The analysis also used to examine interaction of gender with emotional intelligence when predicting transformational leadership style. The analysis also helped the researchers differentiate gender differences in the relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style.ConclusionThis research was designed to control the predictive relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style, as well as determined the gender comparison of leadership style. I find types of analysis for military rating of relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style. Finally I find types of emotional intelligence and conceptualization of emotional intelligence, three types of streams to determine relationship, characteristics of leadership, comparison between transactional and transformational leadership from both articles.

Literature Review Definition Of Marketing Marketing Essay

Literature Re tidy sum Definition Of pot Marketing demonstrateMarketing is managing profitable node descents, the twofold goal of merchandise is to win new guests by promising superior cheer and to keep and promote current guests by delivering satisf live up to (Armstrong Kotler, 2007 p. 5).People oft cadences think merchandising as selling and advertising, which is just a sm tout ensemble purpose of trade. The seller does a good job when he run intos superior node value, impairments, distri furtheres and promotes them efficaciously the yields leave sell very easily then. This tells that selling and advertising atomic number 18 just a part of trade as a market compound a set of merchandise tools that work together to play customer needs and reach customer relationships. (Armstrong Kotler, 2007 p. 5).Figure A innocent ride of the merchandising deal rise Armstrong G and Kotler P, (2007, p. 6). Marketing an introduction. eighth ed. Upper Saddle River Pearson Education.Marketing immingle check to Mohammed Rafiq and Pervaiz K. Ahmed (1995), the shape selling commingle was premiere commitd by Borden and that it was suggested to him by Cullitons (1948) description of a business executive as mixer ingredients. Borden did non define the merchandising mix it simply consisted of crucial elements of ingredients that make up a merchandise programme (Borden, 1965, p. 389). McCarthy (1964, p. 35) refined this further and delimit the merchandise mix as a combination of altogether of the factor ins at a marketing managers ascertain to satisfy the calculate market. Later McCarthy and Perreault (1987) together defined the marketing mix as the controllable variables that an g all everywherenment activity lowlife co-ordinate to satisfy its bulls eye market, which is widely accepted as the set of controllable marketing variables that the wet blends to produce the response it wants in the fanny market (Kotler and Armstrong, 198 9, p. 45). According to Jonathan common ivy (2008), marketing mix is a set of controllable marketing tools that an brass uses to produce the response it wants from its various train markets. Ronald E. Goldsmith (1999) stated that 4Ps was premier theorize by McCarthy (1975) as a pedagogical tool to attain the chief tasks of marketing managers. Marketing managers must develop a domineering plan to sell to the customers after selecting a commit market to make long-term relationships (Doyle, 1995). The marketing mix plan consists of 4Ps which consists of decisions about produce, built in bed, offshootion and footing (Goldsmith, 1999).According to Bennet (1997), the concept of marketing outlines a course for the memorial tablet using controllable variables in an environment where m all factors ar uncontrollable, defined as the external market. Kotler (1967) (cited by Bennet, 1997) broadened this classification into quadruplet adducely, customer, environmental, competi tive and marketing decision variables. Focussing on manufacturing industries, Borden (1964) identifies the four external forces on the organisation as con sumer debaseing behavior, trade demeanor, competitors position and behaviour and government regulations. Robins (1991) hypothe size of it four Cs which is an alternate mnemonic to the marketing mix formulated by McCarthy (1964). Four Cs be defined as clients who buys goods and operate in the market channelise, Competitors who provide the choice of alternative sources of supply, Capabilities and Comp some(prenominal) two of them refers to the organisation which has ability to satisfy customer needs. Gronroos (1984) proposes a concept of interactive marketing which was backed by Kotler (1991). This concept emphasizes the relationship amongst the employee and the customer and identifies it as the key factor in successful market making. Kotler (1991) debates that the employee-customer relationship is an grand factor in the success of the market-making make. Booms and Bitner (1981) added three additional factors to the marketing mix elements proposed by McCarthy (1964) namely nation, processes and physical evidence. This concept highlights that the model proposed by McCarthy (1964) might lead to too narrow focus on the native variables, and does non include some of the process variables which is a part of marketing planning system (Bennet, 1997, p. 151). Lings (1999) argues for proceedss industry 4Ps ar in nice and 7Ps marketing mix illustrates the importance of internal factors, as sell welkin is not a service based industry traditional 4Ps marketing mix is utilise to represent the external factors (cited by Khanh Kandampully, 2004). 4Ps makes the marketing easier cope for the managers in non service based industry the components of traditional marketing mix throne change a truehearteds competitive position (Gronroos, 1994). Even with the deficiencies, the 4Ps perch a staple of the mar keting mix (Kent and Brown, 2006).According to the Ameri stool Marketing Association (1985), marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, determine, onward motion and dispersion of estimations, goods and services to urinate exchange and satisfy individual and organisational objectives. Kent (1986) states that the four Ps of the marketing mix as the holy quadruple of the marketing doctrine written in tablets of stone.According to Armstrong and Kotler (2007) marketing mix tools ar classified ad into four broad groups, called the four Ps of marketing harvest-tide, harm, place and promotion. In localize to deliver on its value proposition, the firm must branch constitute a need-satisfying market religious fling ( produce). It must decide how some(prenominal) it will charge for the offer ( hurt) and how it will make the offer usable to the target customers (place). It must communicate with target customers about the offers and persuade them of its me rits (promotion) (Armstrong and Kotler, 2007 p.53) baker Hart (2008, p 463) the logic of 4Ps is straight forward a provider needs harvest-times, needs to monetary value them, to promote them and distribute them to the place where the customer dope buy them.According to Dogra Ghuman (2008) some of the variables associated with 4Ps be value terms level, credit terms, price changes and discounts.Product features, packaging, quality and range.Promotion advertising, publicity, gross sales promotion and individualal selling. distinguish inventory, distribution transmit and number of intermediaries.Figure The four Ps of the marketing mixSource Armstrong G and Kotler P, (2007, p. 6). Marketing an introduction. eighth ed. Upper Saddle River Pearson Education.ProductAccording to Armstrong and Kotler (2007), product can be defined as the goods and services is a combination the club offers to the target market. Belohlavek (2008) argues that a product or service is the element which sa tisfies the clients needs. The product or service generates two types of relationships with the prospect a functional and a linking one. The returns of the product bears a relationship with its clears treasured both objectively and subjectively. The products use value is fundamental to the purchasing decision process in its occlusion stage (Belohlavek, 2008 p.15).For a competitive approach the comp each has to offer products that ar unique and meet customer needs, wants and values. Maintaining the product uniqueness is difficult for a company since the product can be matched by competitors. The company must often compete on price, distribution, or promotion in rank to compete unless the product is of sound quality (Rea Kerzner, 1997 p. 57).Product sorting waste (1993), product shape is defined as the number of contrastive products offered to the customers (cited by Felipe Scavarda, Reichhart, Hamacher, Holweg, 2010). According to Bils Klenow (2001) and Er MacCarthy (2006 ) product variety is a new maturation and a trend in many industry sectors worldwide (cited by Felipe Scavarda, Schaffer, Jose Scavarda, Reis Schleich, 2009). Product variety is an effective outline to sum up the market take as it enables the company to serve different kinds of customer segments and to satisfy the customer variety seeking behaviour (Tang, 2006). This involves different product features, packaging, or conduct of distribution (Felipe Scavarda, Schaffer, Jose Scavarda, Reis Schleich, 2009). Product variety strategy as a marketing strategy will outcome in sales growth, profits and concourse more(prenominal) specialised demands (Berry Cooper, 1999). Kim Chhajed (2000) argues that different kinds of product manufacturing results in a belittle in logistics performance or manufacturing performance. Lee Billington (1994) to a fault argues that product variety can result in high forecast errors and lead to profuse inventory for some products and shortages fo r separate products. If the product variety is to the optimum or to the seize level of variety, then product variety will result as economical efficient and will create positive marketing efforts (Lancaster, 1990).According to Pine (1993) and da Silveira (1998), product variety enables the ability to custom-make products to customer needs and has been identified in achieving competitive advantage over other retail merchants (cited by Felipe Scavarda, Reichhart, Hamacher, Holweg, 2010). As product variety gives a broader product line and can lead to increased profitability (Kekre and Srinivasan, 1990). Product variety gives rise to the need to consider different products of the individual product variants, as different end items that are fundamentally different do not feature the same variety level for the individual (MacDuffie et al., 1996 Koste and Malhotra, 1999). harmBelohlavek (2008) states that price is a conditioning element for acquire a product price only conditions a product but does not determine it, in accordance to the buyers income makes a monetary value of a given(p) service or goods, which makes them payable to the goods. expenditure is a factor which acts as a barrier which when reached in operational terms, thats when the last stage of purchasing action is reached. Price is an element which determines a priority relationship with the value and hazard creating access to the customer.Kasper et al. (2000, p. 627), determine is an heavy management tool to achieve the objectives of the organization. Similarly, Pellinen (2003, p.218) has suggested that pricing is one of the virtually central management tasks for a service company. It is alike the only element of the marketing mix that generates revenues for a firm, while all the others (e.g. new product introductions, promotions) are associated with be (Zeithaml et al., 2006) (cited by Indounas Avlonitis, 2009).Rea Kerzner (1997) argues that the easiest way to reach and compete with the competitor is to match the price with the competitor. Price is one of the most all important(predicate) criteria that customers use when choosing between competing brands (Huber et al., 2001 Ta and Har, 2000) (cited by Indounas Avlonitis, 2009).Price is the sum of money customers has to pay to acquire the product often customers buy the product negotiating the price for more accessibility, companies offer discounts to customers adjusting price to sustain the competitive spot (Armstrong Kotler, 2007 p. 52).Price DiscountAccording to Palazon Delgado (2009), Customers are price sensitive and they often look for price related selective information. Manning et al., (2003), they are vigilant about any information about price and other pricing information (Kukar-Kinney et al., 2007) they hand a lot of time thinking about prices of products, always evaluating nest egg offered and the convenience by the price discount. Customers with lower levels of price consciousness and value , they are most likely to be influenced by the magnitude of the discount (Alford Biswas, 2002) than the financial value of the discount really offered. (Babin et al., 2007) customers are engaged in seek for more devoted to the task of shopping to the extent that a crack price exists in another retention. Hardesty Bearden (2003) and Grewal et al., (1996) claims that when the promotional benefit is low, customers are not going to process information extensively about the promotion (price discount) as it has low pecuniary value. Similarly when the promotional benefit is high, customers are not sure about the product or the deal they are marvelous to process information extensively as there is less doubt about the product. Customers are predicted to analyse the deal moderately whether the benefit are high (Palazon Delgado, 2009). Hardesty Bearden (2003) and Grewal et al., (1996) states that if the promotional benefit is low or high the levels of information affect is low, but for moderate benefit levels information process is high. Chandrashekaran (2004) and Raghubir (2004) argue that high promotional benefits are always evaluated positively.According to Madan Suri (2001) there are different types of price promotions and short term price discounts have been apply by the retailers to create short term demand for their products (Monroe, 1990 p 369). Retailers can sell the products very fast without much expensive when they are offering immediate savings to the customers. Short term price discounts are easier to discharge and provide immediate price savings to the customers (Madan Suri, 2001). Discounts really increase the value to the customers and this happens at the intermediate levels of discounts and when the discounts are either very high or very low it decreases the value (Madan Suri, 2001).PromotionThe most common promotion is a sale (Levy Weitz, 2007 p 433). Promotion is one of the key Ps in the marketing mix (Dibb et al., 1994).The promotio n strategy is used in increasing sales by creating differences in resources which results in a firm being able to out put across a competitor in advertisement, purchase displays, trade shows and other promotional methods (Rea Kerzner, 1997 p. 58).* According to Jennifer Rowley (1998), the objectives of any promotional strategy will be drawn from an appropriate mixture of the following roles of promotion toincrease sales main(a)(prenominal)tain or ameliorate market sharecreate or improve brand recognitioncreate a approbative climate for future salesinform and educate the marketcreate a competitive advantage, relative to competitors products or market positionimprove promotional efficiency* According to Jennifer Rowley (1998), an appropriate promotional mix must be created in cabaret to meet the promotional objectives of any given promotion strategy. The promotional mix is the combination of different promotional channels that is used to communicate a promotional message. This wi ll involve an appropriate selection from the range of tools that are lendable for use as part of the promotional mix. The tools in the promotional mix includeAdvertising. Any remunerative form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by any identified sponsor. The pages of victor newsletters and magazines are common avenues for advertising information products. lay marketing. The use of mail, telephone or other non-personal contact tools to communicate with or solicit a response from specific customers and prospects. Mail shots and leaflets inserted in professional magazines are used to promote information products.Sales promotion. Short-term incentives to gain ground trial or purchase of a product or service, such as discounts for access to a database over a limited time period.Public relations and publicity. Programmes designed to promote and/or protect a companys image, or those of its products, including product literature, exhibitions and arti cles about organisations products in professional or in-house newsletters. in-person selling. Face-to-face interactions with one or more prospective purchasers, for the purpose of making sales. This is common within the business-to-business marketing transactions in the information industry, where sales representatives, often also with a support function, are common.Sponsorship. Financial or external support of an event or person by an misrelated organisation or donor, such as is common in remark of the arts, sports and charities. Large organisations, such as major publishing groups like beating-reed instrument Elsevier, or software houses, such as Microsoft, may engage in sponsorship, but public sector organisations, in education and libraries, are more likely to be the recipient of sponsorship.PlaceAccording to Kai Li Hung Hung (2007), place is a marketing mix which describes whether the localization of function is accessible and transport is convenient, place comes out as a heterogeneous phenomenon which is created by the company at each place combining resources accessibility increases value to the customer. Kotler, et al., (2005) claims that place involves all activities of the company to make all products available to the customers.According to Mason Staude (2009), Place is the least changing marketing tactic. Distribution and availability are used in stabilising dimensions, communicating and creating a control as a link between supplier and customer, and reducing the probability to change suppliers, which actually stabilises the market. Backward and forward integration also reduce the uncertainty of retailer stocking the products, lowering the risks and stabilising the environment (Nilson, 1995).According to Boyle Proctor (2009), in the linguistic context of product sales, placement is actually distribution (Biech, 2003). In tender marketing, distribution can be defined as dissemination channels (NWPHO, 2006). understandably for dispersing chann els to be effective they must be accessible to the target market (Boyle Proctor, 2009).Store location and layoutThe location and atmosphere of a computer storage communicates information about the service and pricing to the customer. The physical characteristics play an important role in a customers mind (Levy Weitz, 2007 p 434). Store layout influences customer buying behaviour, stores can attract customers with their design and layout motivating them to make capricious sales or give them a pleasant shopping construe (Levy Weitz, 2007 p 491).According to Davies Rogers (1984), guy (1980), Jones Simmons (1987) and Birkin et al., (2002) site selection and sales call of retail stores are a important factor in retail management and retail geography (cited by Wood Browne, 2007). Store location is used in sales forecasting for retail stores and for determining the optimal location and sales of the store (Clarkson et al., 1996 Smith Sanchez, 2003). Superstores are one of the mai n formats through which food is sold increasing the money flow (IGD, 2005). The size of the stores is important and it is very expansive to open up a boastful store therefore accuracy in location planning is substantial (Wrigley, 1996). Retail stores are dependent on the routine purchases made and lawful weekly purchases this involves repeated car journeys from the customers homes, which requires space for parking near the store for easy access (Wood Browne, 2007). The location of a store affects the customer with sociological and geographical factors (Wrigley, 1998 Meyer Johnson, 1996 Rust Donthu, 1995) (cited by Beyon, Griffiths, Marshall, Expert Systems (2002). set strategyAccording to (Blythe, 2008 p 151), pricing a product is one of the most important issues for marketers it is significant not only to the profit that is to be made but also to the quantity of products which are to be sold. Pricing also touches on all the elements of the marketing mix, pricing is the indic ation to the stimulater of what a company expects in exchange for the products being offered. Profitability of the company depends on the pricing strategy (Doyle Stern, 2006 p 225).Price may become a proxy measure for product quality when buyers have difficulty in evaluating complex products (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 316). Consumers are often confused in choosing a product price helps them choose a product. A strategic viewpoint on pricing decisions may create new market space and opportunities for the company (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 317).Figure Steps in selecting a pricing strategySource (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 321).A pricing strategy must be lucid with the retailers overall image ( attitude), sales, profit, and return on investment goals (Berman Evans, 2007 p 498). non-homogeneous roles of Pricing(Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320) Pricing has few important roles in the marketing program of a company. Some of the roles areSignal to the buyerPrice is the easiest way to straightaway ly communicate with the customer. When comparing with other brands price is a visible difference to the customer. Price is also used in positioning the brand to show its quality or instead give direct competition with other brands (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320).Instrument of competitionAs the competitions between companies are high, Price is an element which can quickly attack competitiors. Price can also be used by a company to stay away from the competition if used strategically pricing strategy is always related to competition with other brands or companies (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320).up financial performanceUsing a pricing strategy wisely, companies can generate revenues by forecasting about a product or brand to increase the financial statement in the short term or in the long term in order to buy the farm the global competition (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320). pricing strategy has the biggest impact on the profit and loss statement of the company in the short run, Pricing is e ven more crucial in the long run the primary purpose of business strategy is to offer consumers enhanced value so that price can be raised considerably above costs (Doyle Stern, 2006 p 225).Marketing program considerationCompanies pay a price for marketing, in order to maintain or penetrate in to the market. Price strategy is also used for promoting products (Cravens Piercy, 2006 p 320).Consumer behaviourBlackwell, et al., (2006) defined consumer behaviour as the activities people undertake when obtaining, consuming and disposing of products and services. The activities are divided into three, they are obtaining, consuming and disposing (Blackwell, et al., 2006 p. 4).ObtainingAccording to Blackwell, et al., (2006 p. 4) it is the process of purchasing or getting a product. This process includes comparing with other similar products, alternative brands and searching for more information of the product before obtaining it. Analysts often study these purchases in order to improve the understanding of the market consumer buying behaviour is studied whether they are buying for themselves or as gifts, payment methods, and product transportation or delivery, how they get information about other alternative brands and how the brands influence the consumers product choices.ConsumingAccording to Blackwell, et al., (2006 p. 4), it is the process or activity of using a product by the customer to his/her needs. ground on the consumption of the products researchers can study the consumer decisions whether the product is bought to be consumed in the office or at home, or for entertainment purpose or for its functional purpose, do they consume the product or do they dispose it without using it even once. Based on the consumption these buying behaviours are studied in order to understand the needs of the customers.DisposingAccording to Blackwell, et al., (2006 p.4), it is the process of getting rid of the product after its use or its packaging. And how do they dispose the pr oduct stay or the packaging, whether the packaging is biodegradable. Analysts think in the ecological point of view for this process.Consumer buying behaviourAccording to McCall, et al., (2009), purchasing decisions happen on daily basis and the most important factor influencing these decisions is the price of the product. For buying any product, price is often the most silent feature (Nagle and Holden, 2002). This can be used as an advantage to increase the overall sales by offering discounts (promotions) to the price sensitive customers (Soman, 1998).According to Saha, et al., (2010), Consumer behaviour is the study of how individuals spend their available resources on consumption-related items. It includes the study of what they buy, why they buy it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, and how often they use it (Schiffman and Kanuk, 1996). The main objective of marketing in the consumer buying behaviour context is to satisfy the needs and wants of the tar get customer. As a subject consumer behaviour also deals with the factors that affect the buying behaviour of a consumer. The study of consumer behaviour gives a clear idea that how consumer select, buy, use and dispose the product, service, experiences to please the needs and requirements (Kotler, 2003).Stimulus response model is the starting point of understanding consumer buying behaviour. The buyers characteristic and decision process leads to the purchase decision a consumers buying behaviour is influenced by 4ps, cultural, social and personal factors (Kotler, 2003).The role of marketing mix is also important in making the buying decision by any consumer. The marketing mix consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for the product. The many possibilities can be collected into four groups of variables known as the Four Ps that is product, price, place and promotion (Saha, et al., 2010).According to Mowat and Collins (2000), for successful development in busin ess, the company needs to understand and meet the consumer needs and expectations (Douglas, 1993 Knox and Theisen, 1981). Store layout plays (place) an important effect in consumer behaviour besides price and consumer expectation (Kotler, 1973 Eroglu and Machleit, 1990 Bitner, 1992 bread maker et al., 1993 Baker et al., 1994 Grewal and Baker, 1994 Simonson, 1999 Baker, et al., 2002) (cited by Vrechopoulos Atherinos, 2009).According to Solomon, et al., (2006), consumer purchase is a response to a problem and a customer goes through a series of step in order to make a purchase. These steps can be described as (1) problem recognition (2) information search (3) military rating of alternatives and (4) product choice. After the decision is made, the quality of that decision affects the finals steps in the process, when the learning occurs based on how well the choice worked out. The learning process influences the likelihood that the same choice will be made adjoining time the need for a similar decision occurs (Solomon et al, 2007 p.258).Brin (2004, p 85) argues that it is important to understand the characteristics of the consumers and their buying decision process in order to target them with the most appropriate and effective marketing methods, the management needs to understand and study this decision process on what particular product or service the consumers choose from the brand they select, from which outlet they buy, what kind of product and the heart and soul spent. It is useful to understand what influences the consumer (Brin, 2004 p 85). Some of the influences in buying roles in the consumer buying process are (Brin, 2004 p 85)The initiator the very first person who thinks about buying a productThe influencer the person who influences other consumers in taking the final step of the buying decisionThe decider the person who takes the final decisionThe buyer the person who actually buys a productThe user the customer.There are different types of consu mer buying behaviour, and the type of consumer buying behaviour changes according to the type of buying decisions. The main influence is the brands available to the consumer and the personal attachment towards the decision which influences the consumer to become a loyalty customer (Phillips, et al., 1994 p 85). Involvement can be a major factor in decision making consumers often tend to develop a form of emotional attachments to products and most people would be familiar with the notion of having fallen in love with a product, even when the product is all unreasonable though the purchase may not have an important practical outcome for the consumer the consumers future behaviour does not always come about (Blythe, 2005 p 53, 54).Low involvement, low price, low risk higher(prenominal) involvement,High price, high riskFew differences between brandsBrand loyal recap purchasingInfluenced by priceAnd sales promotionaloffersBuying process is relatively quick because of the limited diffe rencesSignificant differences between brandsBrand break but limited information gatheringInformation gathering and processing is important. Purchase decision is importantFigure Four types of buying behaviourSource Phillips, et al., (1994 p 85) (Adapted from Assael, 1985 Kotler, 1988).According to Kapoor Kulshrestha (2009), Products convey different meanings to different people and this differing forms an attachment towards the products. According to Zaichkowsky (1985), attachment means the interest, the enthusiasm, the emotional level explicit by the consumer regarding a product (cited by Steichen Terrien, 2009). The meaning of the product depends on the nature of the consumers rather than the nature of the products (Martin, 1998 Rochberg-Halton, 1981).The consumer plays a role in his or her choices (Steichen Terrien, 2009) the decisions are principally based on personal perception followed by the cues sent by the environment with personal interpretation (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1 975 Fazio, 1985). These choices have different attributes, and some of them are very salient the choice of salient attributes also depends on the personal characteristics of the consumer (Steichen Terrien, 2009).Based on Uncles and Ellis (1989) the interplay of costs and benefits affects the retailers in making huge gross margins, many retailers are establishing their own labels as a part of retailing today. This allows the retailer selling products under their own name to differentiate their products and stock, from other retailers. Also, allowing them to have a full control over product price, quality and stocks (cited by Rothe Lamont, 1973 McGoldrick, 1984 Simmons Meredith, 1984). This will actually generate higher gross margins. For competitive edge over other stores and brands, retailers hope to build a relationship with the customer by lowering price and offering consumers better value for money without narrowing the product range (Simmons Meredith, 1984).Customer relation ship strategyRelationships can obtain competitive advantage (Kanter, 1994 Kay, 1995 Huxham, 1996 stone and Mason, 1997) (cited by Donaldson O Toole, 2002). Customer relationship strategy is based on mutual trust with the customers creating long term relationships many researches conclude that customer relationship strategy has increased the profit margin for many firms (based on Lawrence, 2002). Long-time customers are less costly to serve and smooth running of relationships are inexpensive and less resource intensive (Lawrence, 2002). Long term relationships benefit both the buyers and suppliers (Szmigin, 1998). For the strategy to be effective, the component elements should be inter-related. When there is a strong synergy between the component elements the strategy will be eff

Globalization Economy Nicaraguan

globalisation Economy NicaraguanGlobalization has had a great impact in the modern world, and has tied(p) come to rival the economy of several Latin Ameri crumb countries. However, has globalisation pretended the Nicaraguan stintingal panorama? In order to answer this interrogate, it is important to withstand Nicaraguas history into account, a history that has been sme bed with end slight depravity. An other(a)(a) idea that essential(prenominal) be kept in mind is the term globalization has many amounts of comments, so in order to represent the answer a straight-laced definition must be structured.Within the scope of globalization, it is trivial to identify if the key treaties worry the ALBA and the CAFTA crap had any momentous effect on the Nicaraguan economy. Through a c arful evaluation, it testament be detect that Globalization has non had an impact in the Nicaraguan Economy genius however the roots of globalization lav already be traced to the economy. whiz of the limitations found in this research paper was the gathering of distinct sources from the rustic spheres of the country, as the coarse emplacement of this essay is of much(prenominal) importance to topical anestheticize if globalization has affected Nicaragua or not.IntroductionGlobalization has started to influence the Nicaraguan scotch scheme from the beginning of the 21st century. The Nicaraguan population should await themselves if globalization would aid the economic stance they are in. Another apparent motion that must be asked is if the new trade intellects will gain or harm the private firmament of the rural Nicaraguan farmers. The last question to be answer is, Globalization from what side? as the American hemisphere seems to be structured with a strong Capita come giant on the top, The coupled States of America, and numerous amounts of underhighly-developed Socialist countries, which can be give tongue to to be roughly of S breakh America, consis ting of Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Bolivia, Uruguay all draw socio-democratic g everyplacenments, that exercise populist tendencies.Another point that should be kept in mind is the plectrum surrounded by the ALBA and the CAFTA, as the socio-democratic confederation that Nicaragua currently has should be kept in mind. Both treaties should be considered in the global sense as on that point are currently four enlisted countries in the ALBA agreement, which are Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua, Bolivia and Ecuador while the CAFTA is con make fored of The join States, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Dominican Re usual and Costa Rica.The main concern in regards to globalization may not even be of an economic impact, only rather on of an ideological degree. The Nicaraguan populations view on globalization is of a loss of matter pride, as if the United States would take over the countrys economy which to some extent is true. The ideological conflict, however, stands on whether to be a nationalist, a socialist or a capitalist. Nicaraguas preferences must be examined in order to determine if globalization will afford an effect in the Nicaraguan economy.Nicaragua has a farsighted history of degeneracy that can be traced back to the 1930s with the Somoza dynasty, and can then be fol piteoused along the list of Somoza family members onto the Sandinista Mandate and then into the 21st century with the newly elected big(p)ist parties. It is important to recognize Nicaraguas background in order to determine if Globalization will benefit or harm the economy. In order to genuinely define the screen of globalization that suits Nicaragua best, a definitely structured definition must be established, as globalization is wide in the send of it meaning.Definition of GlobalizationThe definition of globalization can be ramose into three main concepts. The first of the concepts can be referred to as the bighearted point of view, in which g lobalization is interpreted without inclinations towards the unknown or interior(prenominal) spots. In this notion, we call globalization when a company or multi-national perseverance invests capital in a usually underdeveloped economy such(prenominal) as Nicaragua. The other two perspectives stray apart when the question of wherefore would the companies invest in underdeveloped countries? is asked.The Imperialist perspective bases itself on the chaste principal of stimulating under developed countrys economies. In this lay out, a corporation such as Nike sets out a divisory in the under developed country in order to provide jobs for the luxurious un busy population. By providing such work, the corporation is therefrom permitted to pay low fees to its new employees. If a company does not wish to set up a factory in a new location, they can quiet enter the local anaesthetic markets through Commerce treaties.In Nicaragua there are two possible treaties, the CAFTA (Central A merica Free Trade Agreement) and the ALBA (Alternativa Bolivariana), the CAFTA being the most suit sufficient, as it permits United States owned companies to fence in local markets. pickings the Imperialist point of view, the local population is given new prime(prenominal)s in the market from which to buy from, choices that are sometimes less expensive and then more(prenominal)(prenominal) economically feasible for a greater part of the population.The Anti-imperialist perspective, other than known as the down side to globalization, regards globalization as frugal terrorism. This point of view focuses on the injustices that these corporations bring upon the under developed countries. The first injustice is the claim that these companies pay a misery of a fee to the employees thus only keeping them busy kinda of provide them, reason for why this low pay condition is usually referred to as a Sweat-Shops.The most impacting injustice would be the fact that these corporations are allowed to compete in local markets. The reason for this claim is that the foreign companies offer products of a cheaper nature, and therefore encourage the local merchants to buy foreign products instead of local ones. Once the local products are not consumed, the national domestic companies thus run out of business placing pot out of work.The only form of globalization encouraged in Nicaragua, is one through the ALBA agreement, as the conditions in this treaty are of Self-Growth concepts betwixt allied Latin American countries Venezuela, Bolivia, and Nicaragua.Nicaraguas Economic Background during the Somoza era and the Sandinistas.In the 1936, the Nicaraguan population elected Anastasio Somoza Garcia to power. At this moment, the Nicaraguan economy is on the rise. The main exports were cattle and coffee, settling Nicaragua as one of the richest countries of Central America in the first half of the twentieth century. Somoza Garcia, however set Nicaraguas faith by providing the U nited States with raw materials during serviceman contend Two for the Allied war effort. This close association with the United States set the Nicaraguas economical and political dependence to the will of the United States. During his disposal however, he did not increase the Nicaraguan Economy to a operative degree, instead hes main dedication was of a personal extent.Somoza Garcias tactics consisted of comical government funds to his own accounts, and purchasing government lands at ludicrously low prices. While the Nicaraguan economy remained at a at once unalterable, Somoza Garcias personal Bank accounts were at an all time raise. During the wartime, he come through numerous facilities to which income was due, facilities such as a cement factory, the national railroad, a cement factory, most textile plants, several electric power companies, the national airlines, and an extensive control over the banks. His personal income, later worldly concern War Two, was estimated to have been of 60 million dollars. after(prenominal) Somoza Garcias death in 1956, his young son Anastasio Somoza Debayle took control of the presidency and succeeds his father in power. A few days later, after a rigged election, Luis Somoza Debayle, Anastasio Somozas older son, took control of the Nicaraguan presidency. During Luis Somozas presidency, the Nicaraguan economy was hit with a drop in coffee tree production, as now the aspirations for their main product had been expanded onto other locations and were purchased at even demoralize prices, causing Nicaragua to drop prices as well.It wasnt the coffee drop, however, that caused many grievances to the Nicaraguan Economy, it was the 1972 Earthquake that caused $15 million in damages. Richard Nixon, however, support the Nicaraguan government with a bounty of $50 million. The Nicaraguan Treasury only reported $17 million of that donation, while the other $33 million was believed to be in Luis Somozas personal bank account s abroad. It was until 1980 that the Somoza dynasty was replaced by another secern of mandate, a left fieldist government.In 1980, the United States lifted its protective screen out over the Somoza family and allowed internal social conflicts to rise out of control. Luis Somoza was then pressured by the United States to leave Nicaragua with the threat of freezing bank accounts that were located in United States banks. The country was therefore left in the overtakes of the ultra party F.S.L.N (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional, which is translated to Sandinista Front, for National Liberation), which was commanded by Daniel Ortega. At the moment the F.S.L.N gained chairpersonial authorities, the economic situation had an incredible deficit as major loans were issued from the World Bank.The F.S.L.N, or the Sandinista party for short, did not play a significant enjoyment for the Nicaraguan Economy, as their main intentions remained to restore the social injustice. politica l and private lands were some(prenominal) confiscated and given to the Nicaraguan population as a sort of Land Reform. Not all the land was given to the people, most of it was kept by the high ranking officers such as Daniel Ortega, his brother Humberto Ortega, his right-hand man Tomas Borge and several other Sandinista generals.The countrys economic posture dropped from being one of the richest countries in Central America, to being the poorest in the American Hemisphere, preceding only Haiti on the list. It is state by the Director of the Nicaraguan Economic Institute during the 1980s, father Xabier Golostiaga, that the Sandinista government, when they took power, found a country with no financial resources, and also stated that only 3.5 million dollars were found from the 19 banks that were nationalized however, according Father Golostiaga, Nicaragua inherited a debt of $1.6 billion dollars, while more than half of that silver was never used on the Nicaraguan grounds. flush t hough the Sandinista government is still regarded as a group of bandits in Nicaragua, they did relieve a great percentage of the external debt that Nicaragua had attained during the Somoza dynasty.At the beginning of the Sandinista mandate, influences shifted from the United States the Soviet Union. Nicaragua would engage in trade with the USSR instead of the United States, as the United States had placed Nicaragua in a sort of Financial Boycott. Once the Cold War was over, and ties with the USSR started to shed, the Sandinista government seemed to lose its nail over the political panorama. In 1990, the Sandinista government accepted elections to go forth, losing to aspect Violeta Barrios de Chamarro of the U.N.O party (National Opposition Union).The Nicaraguan Economic panorama (between 1991 and 2007).In 1991, after the Nicaraguan Revolution and the decline of a communist dictatorship, finally, the first liberal government was established during the globalization era. The UNO ma ndate, cleared much of the economic detritus that the Sandinista dictatorship had left behind. During Violeta Barrioss presidency, she was denied compensation by the United States for damages during the Contras period. After this, donations from European countries were effected, as Nicaragua still remained the worlds second poorest country. It can be said that Nicaragua was institutionalized in a sort of rehabilitation for 7 years in order to get on its feet again.Seven years later, elections were carried out and the Nicaraguan , where people elected Arnoldo Aleman as electric chair from the Liberal implicit in(p) Party (PLC). At this moment the economy was up and running and was receiving donation from developed countries, receiving the most from Spain. Besides the flow of income, due to chronic corruption during his government, a 50 million dollar deficit was filed. Arnoldo Aleman had been diverting governmental funds to a private bank account in Switzerland and was arrested for corruption, and money laundry. Corruption had once again been in the hands of a single man.In 2001, Nicaragua saw yet another election, in which Arnoldos vice-president was elected president, president Enrique Bolanos. Nicaraguas economy suffered a stalemate, as president Bolanoss presidency served to clean the corruption of the political panorama and to pay off most of the debts that Nicaragua has inherited during the Sandinistas administration and the Somoza dynasty.The Economic effects of the ALBA and the CAFTA agreements.The CAFTA and the ALBA treaties share similarities within their texts however, both treaties are show uped from different perspectives. The ALBA treaty, is not just considered a treaty, according to Hugo Chavez, it is a bond between Latin American countries, and as Chavez stated Latin America will save itself alone. So far, there are only 5 members to the ALBA treaty, which members are Cuba, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Bolivia and Venezuela.The CAFTA on the other han d is seen as simply a treaty between the United States and Central America and the Dominican Republic. This approach by the United States has scared off most of the trust among the population, as it suits the symptoms of an economically manipulative doctrine. The points of the CAFTA are expressed as followsPresident Hugo Chvez in his intervention in ALADI has summarized the principalsALBA as the following topics1. To get ahead the fight against the pauperization2. To preserve the autonomy and Latin American identity3. The transference of technology, the good assistance4. The formation of human resources5. To prioritize national companies us public beings suppliers6. The agreements could not be obstacle to the diffusion of the scientific and technological draw close7. To face the abuse of the monopolies and oligopolies through effective mechanisms that assure fare competition8. The foreign investors will not be able to demand the countries by the handling of state monopolies of p ublic interest9. Treatment special and place to unequal economies to open opportunities to the weakest10. Process of wide social participation, which can be characterized like democratic11. Economic, social, cultural and civil rights should be interdependent, indi patent and can not be waived12. The commercial interests of the investors will not be able to have supremacy over the human rights or over the sovereignty of the States13. Creation of founds of structural convergence for the correction of asymmetriesThe different definitions of Globalization must be kept aside when comparing the ALBA and CAFTA, as the determination of a foreign agreement is to aid Nicaraguas economy regardless of ideological opinion. The CAFTA is regarded as the treaty that puts forth the Americanization of a country, as on the contrary, the ALBA encourages Nationalistic growth.The CAFTA agreement encourages United States corporations into investing their capital in underdeveloped countries in counterc hange for tax liberation, lower employee costs, and a guarantee in case of collective loss due to a social instability. The preamble of such documents statesThe CAFTA is designed to eliminate tariffs and trade barriers and expand regional opportunities for the workers, manufacturers, consumers, farmers, ranchers and service providers of all the countries.The CAFTA, however, interferes with the local market thus damaging the economy anyway, as the bankrupted domestic companies are fully taxed and pay proper salaries to their employees, when I the other hand the foreign corporations pay miserable fees and when in regard to domestic re-investment, the it is unclear of how much of the companys profits are to be invested.Nicaragua has approved the CAFTA however it has not been publically accepted, as in Nicaragua, the CAFTA can be understood in the context of a US strategy to divide opposition in negotiations for other larger trade agreements. Instead of aiding US companies, the object ive of the ALBA agreement is to promote cooperation and collective development of the region with an emphasis on fighting meagreness and social exclusion. The general feel of the can be appreciated in Venezuelan president Hugo Chavezs opening remark at the United NationsALBA is not an agreement of the elite. ALBA is born from down infra, from the grassroots of the population, without the people no marrow would be possible and that is one of the criticisms that we have always made of other integration efforts. The objective is not necessarily to maintain high economic statistics or attract investment, but rather to benefit our populations, so that they have health care, education, jobs, and so they can get out of poverty.Another factor to the highest degree the ALBA and the CAFTA that must be kept in mind is the alignment is the political alignment that Nicaragua maintains of a socio-democratic regime that owes alliances to Venezuela and Cuba, as the Sandinista party owed much of their existence to Cuba during the Cold War. Due to these populist tendencies, it could be said that, the ALBA is the more appropriate treaty to sign.Socio-Economic Perspective of GlobalizationIt is of public knowledge in Nicaragua that most of the populations regard Globalization as not welcome. The socio-economic perspective of Globalization can be seen from two lights the rural and the industrial perspectives. The rural perspective of globalization can be expressed as the lower classs point of view, while the industrial would affect the middle and upper classes. In short, both of these perspectives contain the entire range of the Nicaraguan society.The people that constitute the rural perspective, also known as the Nicaraguan Farmers, do not welcome globalization because of the economic impact that it will cause society. For most farmers in the outskirts of Managua and on the borders of the country, the prices set by the CAFTA are below the prices they have been used to deal wit h, meaning that there will be an economic impact for that field of society. The rural branch of society represents about 70% of the Nicaraguan population, meaning that to off-set an economic pendulum from this side will affect the countrys economy greatly.The industrial perspective of the socio-economic side to globalism might actually benefit from the no tariff agreements as machinery and foreign goods might be less expensive to ship in, and national products will be easier to export. The industrial sector of Nicaragua can be said to constitute by 30% of the population, however, even though it is a minority in regards to the rural sector, the industrial sector represents about 50% of the Gross domestic Product in Nicaragua.The choice between which treaty to chose seems to be the more difficult question as the ALBA benefits the rural sector with its standard wages, while the CAFTA would cause a significant impact in the economy. The industrial sector on the other hand would benefit from both the CAFTA and the ALBA, as the free commerce agreement of no tariffs would mean that the import export of Nicaragua will of a wider range. The issue in mind however, remains on the ideological alignment concern.The rural sector of the Nicaraguan population belongs to a new pleat of ideologies, a mix of neo-socialistic liberalism, where a sense of national pride and populism makes the number one goal to push on the Nicaraguan economy. The CAFTA is not appreciated in this perspective as it is seen as an agreement that binds Nicaragua to the will of the United States prices and tariffs, therefore permitting the Unites States to have a sort of control over the Nicaraguan Economy. Nicaragua has already matte up the United States economical grasp in the 1970s during the Sandinista government, where the United States employed a boycott on Nicaragua. The sense of resentment has not left the Nicaraguan panorama yet, which means it might take a long time for the CAFTA to be appro ved by the population. The ALBA in the other hand, is more widely accepted as it involves direct proposals by Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez.In current times, Nicaragua has approved both the CAFTA and the ALBA, the differences, however, are only visible in regards to the material gifts provided by Hugo Chavez. On the Economical perspective, both the ALBA and the CAFTA have not made and impact. Both treaties have rendered the Nicaraguan economy with the aforesaid(prenominal) Gros Domestic Product than the year before their signing.ConclusionNicaragua has been a signer of the CAFTA for over 3 years now and has also been a signatory of the ALBA treaty for over 1 year now however both these treaties have not saved Nicaragua from the enormous deficit that it faces. In conclusion, it can be said that Globalization will have an impact in the Nicaraguan Economy in the long-run however, in regards to Globalism of the Socio-democratic sphere, the Latin American countries should remain uni ted and try to roll back influences from the United States in order to be financially dependent on its own.Nicaragua needs to be financially independent, however, in its current economical state it cannot stand on its own two feet, which means it should have the temporary support of a greater power. The choices are obviously dived between the CAFTA and the ALBA, which are obviously a reflection of the United States and Venezuela. In the wider-picture, the choice between the ALBA and the CAFTA is the choice between Capitalist democracy and a socio-Populist democracy.The relationship between Nicaragua and the United States has not been as strong as the 1930s in the time of Anastasio Somoza Garcia. The constant intervention from the United States in Nicaragua has rendered a sense of mistrust. In actuality, the CAFTA seems like another brick to the wide and high wall that the United States has been building over Latin America, the first brick being the Monroe Doctrine, which guaranteed the United States right to intervene in any Central American nation if its freedom was being threatened. even off though Nicaragua is a signatory of both the ALBA and CAFTA treaties, so far the ALBA has aided the Nicaraguan economy more than the CAFTA, due to the multiple gifts given by Hugo Chavez to the Republic of Nicaragua, gifts such as Oil Plants. The bottom line, nevertheless, stays the same(p) Globalization will have an increasing effect on the Nicaraguan economy.Bibliographyhttp//www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/CAFTA/CAFTADR_Final_Texts/Section_Index.htmlhttp//www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/2360Ministro de Estado de Venezuela para la Bancoex, Integracin y Comercio outside(prenominal)http//www.globalization101.org/What_is_Globalization.htmlhttp//www.newdream.org/consumer/globalization.phphttp//www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9212.html

Identifying Leadership Theories And Applying Reflection Nursing Essay

Identifying Leadership Theories And Applying Reflection Nursing EssayThere be almost as many different definitions of leading as in that respect be persons who have attempted to define the concept ( Stodill, 1974p.259). Dubrin (2000) states that thither 35,000 definitions of attracters in academic literature (Pye, 2005 p.32).Leadership is an art a execute art and the instrument is the self- brilliance. The mastery of the art of lead comes from the mastery of the self . Jim KouzesGary Yukl in his sixth edition of Leadership In Organizations hope that, his nurse has seeded many judgments and questions, which go forth grow in the classroom , still more importantly, will find fuller meaning and come to emotional state when the reader is engaged in the work out of leading at work. When cerebration about leadership behaviors one thing to consider is what defines a darling leader. Hood (2010) suggests that an effective leader influences and encourages others to achieve design setting and goal attainment. A good leader recognizes that there is always something new to learn. potent leaders set direction, build commitment and confront challenges through fall communication and soliciting staff feedback (http//www.oppaper.com/Leadership-Roles-In-Nursing). Carroll (2005) proposed the following six most important attributes for nursing leaders personal integrity, st reckongic vision and personal survival attributes,, care and technical competencies, people skills ag convocation-building and communication skills , and. action orientationIt is clear so far that the definition of leadership depends on whom you ask. Houser Player ( 2004 ) concluded in their get word, amoung a dozen of nurse leaders as, nurse leaders did treat common characteristics such as thoughtful, responsive, committed, creative, resilient, visionary, scholarly, courageous and innovative. Tan (2006) means the musical theme of leadership as, influencing followers to do what is n ecessary to achieve organisational and social goals.Two types of leadership are particularly relevant for nurse leaders. Transformational leadership dependable leadership (Clark, 2009, p.17). In transformal leadership mainly three elements erect to help nurse leaders to create a tone and mensuration of practice for healthy work environment are Effective communication, cooperative relationships and overlap decision making among nurses (Heath, Johanson et al, 2004). Ameri rouse Association of Critical-care Nurses (2005) made a commitment to promote healthy work environment in the turn of authentic leadership are safe, healing, humane and respectful for patient, their families and nurses. They concluded in their study as it is not too easy to become an authentic leader, moreover, it needs higher levels of organizational support. Perhaps It is identified in their study that authentic leadership as one of the six standards that are all-important(a) to creating and sustaining heal thy work environment.Among health care professionals, nurses are especially conscious of the importance of reflective practice (Duffy, 2007 Manthey, 2001 et al). Just as important is the practice of reflective leadership (Deutsch Sherwood, 2008). By Oestreich (2009) reflective leaders are critically aware of how they connect with others, where they are in the progress of their own and organizational goals and how they are opening paths for clearCommunication and goal fulfillment. Drucker (1996, p.9) states that, great leaders have to walk alone sometimes. such aloneness washbasin facilitate comment. Qualitative researchers speak of participant observation as a rule of more distant reflection. Reflection benefits the individual leader, but more than that, can become spread with in the organization. Transformal leadership has been evidenced to be positively associated with followers commitment to improvement and change (Herold, Fedor et al., 2008).One of the important characteris tics of a transformal leader is reflection (Marshall Coughlin,2010). pondering Practice was introduced by Donald Schon in his book The Reflective Practitioner in 1983. There are different climatels of reflection in practice. In that I would like to discuss about the two good examples of reflection Gibbs model, 1988 Johns model, 1995. GIBBS MODEL OF REFLECTION 1988Gibbs model is a cyclic process of reflection, in that a practitioner describes the experience and must evaluate and digest of how they were ruling during the experience. By the evaluation and analysis of the emotions associated with the authority give the practitioner a chance to understand the agency and come to a conclusion of what else could be done, or what other options could have been taken. Most importantly,in Gibbs model of reflection the nett stage is the formulation of action plan, that give an idea about what actions would be taken if the situation happened again (W http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflect ive_practice).JOHNS MODELIt is a structured mode of reflection that provides a practitioner with a guide to gain great understanding. In this model of reflection, reflection carried out through the act of communion of emotions with colleague or a mentor and it provides a speedy rate of learning than reflection alone. In order to achieve reflection looking at in on ones thoughts and emotions and looking out at the situation experienced are important steps in this model of reflection. Mainly five-spot patterns of learning are included in to the guided reflection, that are the practitioners analysis about the aesthetic, personal, ethical, empirical, and the reflexive elements experienced through the situation.REASONS TO PREFER JOHNS MODEL all over GIBBS MODELI recommend Johns model of reflection is better than that of Gibbs model because, in Johns model practitioner get an opportunity to share with a colleague or mentor, about their thoughts and emotions of their own and abo ut the situation experienced. It seems to me that by the sharing of emotions definitely, we will get a clear cut idea about the feelings of the self and about the situation in a faster rate. Looking in and looking out become easier when the structured questions shared between a colleague or an experienced person. But in Gibbs model of reflection, importance is for the evaluation and analysis of the emotions associated with the situation experienced and there is no sharing of ideas or emotions with anybody. I feel that with out the sharing of emotions reflection occurs in a slower rate.LEADERSHIP THEORIESHistorical phylogeny of leadership theories (1900-Present) P.37The Great man Theory / Trait Theories (1900-1940)Researchers give importance to certain characteristics or personality traits of some people and assume that these traits hold them better leaders than others. Moreover the effect of followers and the impact of the situation were ignored.Behavioural Theories (1940-1980)Du ring human relations era , researchers moved away from canvas about the traits of a leader and give importance to their styles of leadership.A major(ip) breakthrough occurred when Lewin(1951) and White and Lippitt (1960) isolated common leadership styles. Later, these styles came to be called authorisation, republican and laissez-faire. Authorisation which is when the leader takes full control, Democratic is when the leader involves a team approach and Laissez-faire where the leader provides little to no direction (Hood, 2010).Situational and fortuity Leadership Theories (1950-1980)In accord to this theory leadership style should variegate according to the situation or the individual involved. Authoritarian leadership results in well-defined group actions that are usually predictable, reducing frustration in the work group and giving members a feeling of security. Productivity is usually high, but creativity, self motivation, and autonomy are reduced. Authoritarian leadership , useful in crisis situations. At the similar time Democratic leadership, appropriate for groups who work unitedly for extended periods, promotes autonomy and growth in individual workers. This type of leadership is particularly effective when coordination between groups is necessary. The Laissez-fair leadership is non directed leadership, the laissez- fair style can be frustrating group apathy and disinterest can occur.Interactional Leadership Theories (1970-Present)The basic premise of interactional theory is that leadership behaviour is generally determined by the relationship between the leaders personality and the specific situation.To be successful, the leader must diagnose the situation and select appropriate strategies from a large repertoire of skills. Leadership effectiveness, according to Hollander, requires the ability to use the problem solving process maintain group effectiveness communicate well demonstrate leader fairness, competence, dependability, and creativity and set up group identification.Transactional and Transformational LeadershipThe transactional leader sets goals, give directions, and uses rewards to reinforce employee behaviours associated with meeting or exceeding established goals (Mc Guire and Kennerly,2006, p.180). Transformational leaders have a view of the next that will excite and convert potential followers (changingminds.org,2002-2006, para 3). Transformational leadership is defined as, One who inspires and empowers everyone with the vision of what could be possible (Hood,2010, p 460). Although transformational qualities are highly desirable, they must be coupled with the more traditional qualities of the daily managerial role. Both sets of characteristics need to be present in the same person in different degrees. According to Bass and colleagues, the transformational leader will fail without traditional management skills. Johns (2004) maintains that transactional traditional leadership is a talk over process of se eking insight in self and practice in order to create conditions that foster the realization of desirable practice.

Impact of Technology on Tourism

Impact of Technology on TourismTechnologies are factors that impacts on how any business is operated. Therefore, for each victimisation of new technologies, a business may have to tot every last(predicate)y transfer their operating process. The change of applied science lead affect the bearing a company carries out business.Through the ages the plump and tourism perseverance has veritable significantly with the tuition of new engine room. On a global home plate new technology has changed the guidance of tourism. In the dark ages travel on land was in bes or chariots and small boats was used to travel on sea. Tourism and pleasure travel was in existence but otr active during this time, but by the mid(prenominal)dle of the Middle Ages, overlarge material bodys took on a new breeding with the main purpose of traveling to europium for religious purposes. Travel in the 18th century was by extravagantly society people mainly to visit spas a study leader which in l ike path pass ond affectionate events, games, dancing, gambling and sea-bathing. With the development of railway in the slow 1830s, direct contribution of major seaside resorts was established and gave every wholeness an opportunity to travel as demand for vacation travel grew. The first publicly advertise excursion train developed by Thomas Cook, who was then looked upon as the first travel agent and now owns one of the largest travel chest in the world.As the have for technology grew throughout the years, various inventions took center and join ond the travel and tourism industry. Leading into the 20th century where basis of motorcar and the first twin engine aircraft which allowed for the travel of large number of people in 1958. Tourist discovered increasing approach to a growing array of destinations with the great increase of technological advancements in the mid and late 20th century.Communicating technology aid in make airline increasingly accessible from the prom otion of destinations to attracting travelers attention to enabling crying(a) reservations and payment collections. Through the significance of communicating technology, advance(a) tourism is amply equipped with the office to communicate their benefits and to sell themselves to authority visitors. On degenerate those potential visitors can reach saddles of interest at their chosen destination. In 1953, through the introduction of communication technology airline reservation way slinked directly with travel and booking agents. This brought about a generous increase in the tourism according to the learning and teaching network. this link make the entire booking process more easier and efficient as more airlines capitalized on it.As the improvement on technology increased modern internet allowed tourer quick and easy access to information such as travel destinations, lodging and dining options at the destination, up to the piece wait time and making reservations in advanc e departing for their chosen destination. The use of telephones besides allowed travelers quick contact without ever experiencing a busy signal or getting out pf bed. It also allowed for the collection of payment from prospective travelers before departing for the destination. According to the journal of information technology and tourism, modern communication technology likewise 21st century developments in mobile telephone technology allows for advertising of attractions at various tourist destinations to target visitors.The impact of technology in the travel and tourism industry is enormous as more and more travelers can compare and look for all agreeables of information usable on the internet about potential destinations. As stated by China daily, according to John Liu , the executive vice-president and head of greater chins at Google, 85% of travelers do their research on the internet about potential destinations and the average traveler does 55 online searches for bookings , travel guides and visas before a booking.What seemed to be impossible ion the pas like the impact of global positioningSystem on how airlines operate, self-check in of luggage, online bookings and so much mire is now at chip in execute acceptable. Though technology has totally transformed the travel and tourism industry, according to the daily observer, it stills requires considerable financial investments and in addition tourist destination must continue to provide innovations in customer do, attractions and economical development to continue producing attractive destination despite the numerous avenues for promoting of the area. place the pros and cons of friendship ground tourismA community implies individualistics with some kind of collective responsibility and the ability to make decision by typical bodies. Community establish tourisms that in which topical anesthetic residents of mainly rural areas overhear tourist to visit their community with the provision of ove rnight accommodation. Although community found tourism has it advantage, there are also disadvantages which will both be outlined. As well as stating how community establish tourism has wedge the country.Advantages of community based tourismAllows education and training growth of topical anaesthetic anaesthetic people.Integrates the lifelike beauty and the daily life of rural communities.Allows tourist and topical anesthetics a chance to experience another(prenominal) cultures.Promotes productive sustainable practices within its tourism offerings. humanity of job and economical development.Each individual in the community learns to work as a team in order to take the community in welcoming and hospitable manner.Local people become educated in all aspect of managing the business of tourism.Persons no daylong have to depend on livestock as a sole(prenominal) source of income.Income generated can be used on national and topical anesthetic levels to better educate, improve g roundwork, fund conservation efforts, promote more responsible tourismand aid in the benefits of tourism projects.Interest to conserve the nourishment environment will be on the increase of local residents. opposed exchange generated.Development of skills for local people.Local businesses, shops, restaurants, recreational facilities, natural attractions,, cornerstone and transport network all receive benefits from the gains.Wealth creation and access to essential dishs such as water, sanitation, transport and telecommunications.Disadvantages of community based tourismInfections and diseased can be brought to a host destination. softness of local business owners to compete with large corporations.Degrading of local foundation set in place due to the overbearing of heavy concern of cars and tour buses.The host community left behind to pay for patch of damages as more or less of the dough return to their own countries in situations involving tourist oriented corporationsDestru ction to the natural home ground and resource in the community.May not be as medically advanced.Lack of find for local cultures such as tourist walking through local market in bathing suit. This not provided offends but contributes to the undermining of social standards.Loss of potable water, loss of animal populations and the spread of disease and infection resulting from the over production in the form of water and air pollution, litter and frequent overflow of sewage systems.Increase in crime, mostly minuscule theft and pick pocketing and sometimes sexual assault.Luxuries such as heated up water for bathing that is not available to local residents in communities oft cause tension surrounded by local population and tourist.Some large resorts take away from the small scale instead of giving to local communities.Impact of community based tourism on the country as a wholeWhile it is grand one widespread scale for the future development of the country as it open doors of oppor tunities for Jamaicans as a a whole. The effect on the developments of community based tourism has contributed positively and negatively on the country. The economic, socio cultural and environmental impacts on the country are as follows.Increase employment and technologyImproved prime(prenominal) of lifeBetter health care and educationImprovement of the infrastructureCreation and attraction of foreign exchangePreservation of plants, botanical gardens, animal, etcUtilization of natural resources as attractionsCreation of tours, hiking, ecotourism. Enjoying the natural environment without taking do exchanging anything wrangle barriers broken down encourage entrepreneurshipExposure to other cultures and social standards cultural preservationExposure with other music formsBlack market occupationCultural erosionExposure to STDs and stisIllegal vendingEnvironmental abasement and depletionPollutionDamage to natural resources, illegal removal of plants, deforestation nettlesome distribu tion of wealthGreater possibility for negative foreign fascinate on economyNeglect of local recreation facilitiesIs community based tourism an alternative type that can be used to exchange the Jamaica Tourism Product and provide Jamaica with a competitive advantage?A community is seen as individuals with some kind of collective responsibility and the ability to make decision by representative bodies. Though not having seemly management bypass local residence the benefits gains from community tourism. As explained by Alicia Knight community tourism is a type of tourism own and operated by the people in the community. Thought community tourism trainfully to work closely with mainstream tourism, it is the right type of tourism needful to provide Jamaica with a competitive advantage.The way forward is to get our own local people educated about their own cultures, hereditary pattern, environment and the tourism product. For example, most large resorts use foreigners at top level m anagement post. By doing this the gains are not used in Jamaica as most of their pelf are returned to their host country. But when local people are instruct with the requisite skills needed and sure are educated about tourism and its product. The tourism industry no longer have to view locals a sonly capable of doing lower level work such as, bellhops, laundresses, gardeners and waiters just to find out a few.The income and gains generated from having employ more locals in the industry improve the infrastructure of the country, enhance the community and improve the character of life of locals, thus the profits are spread within the country which also means that Jamaica would be facing less depth as there would be a balance in the national reserve.Who is better capable of teaching and introducing visitors to our heritage and culture? Who is best able to help protect the countrys natural habitat and resources? Certainly only Jamaicans can ensure visitor satisfaction in all aspect of offering them the opportunity to explore Jamaica safely and act with our people through community based tourism. In leading the way for the future development of the country through the importance of sustainable development can only be achieved by diversifying the tourism product to accept all the special interest types of tourism through community based tourism.Discuss the importance of delivering quality do in the hospitality industryAccording to Lazer and Payton 1999, the rake of quality customer service is one of the major challenges facing hospitality theater directors and will be an essential condition in the emerging, keenly competitive global hospitality markets. For thru delivery of quality hospitality service, which involves people, management of people and interactions between provide and guest the building blocks of quality service in hospitality must have proper and good management and maintenance.When quality service is be delivered, hospitality businesses gain in profit rewards that will unimproved the quality of the service been provided, increase the guests sensing of them, enhance the market and guest satisfaction and word of mouth advertising. Thus, it is important to continue improving quality service delivery systems and train and clear staff, develop procedures to deliver what guest want, evaluate and modify service delivery systems, consider the guest being served, determine what the guest desires and see rewrite systems which should focus on exceeding the guest expectations.For hospitality businesses to more efficaciously manage and maintain the delivery of quality of service, hospitality managers will need to identify and outline operational and significant strategy and in effect, focusing on the encounters that makes a difference to the experience of each guest.Raise to the point questions that are important to the quality of service such as Is service limited to a luxury package or does it include figure travelers? Which staff members are involved in providing the service?What skills do they need? What training is been provided? How committed are they to service goals? Is team co-operation or individual passment required? What staff members deal with what guest? argon the staff presentations and appearances curb? What attitudes is appropriate, friendly, open, helpful, warm service, efficient, unconstructive, uninvolving or unthreatening service? Are the interfaces between different functional areas fully operations? Are the criteria for success clear defined? Is everyone involved aware of guests needs and concerns? Is the information necessary to move effectively to guests needs readily available? Is the appropriate technology being fully used? Are the necessary systems to support the encounter in place? Is there adequate home to handle each of the activities such as waiting, completing forms, storing or handling luggage and assembling tours? Did the kinetics of the exchange proceed smo othly? Have employees been given the training needed? Does the structure of the organization help or hinder performance/ Are the service providers given the facilities and financial and human support needed? Do service providers have the appropriate attitude? Is the right emphasis being place on service quality? Do any languages or cultural barriers exist? Is the management style and marketing orientation appropriate for the task?The importance of the delivery of quality service involves not only being specific of and for a particular thing but also involves giving the strength and encouragement needed to keep business from move or sinking. It requires knowing exactly where the service encounters will occur and if the space is appropriately designed to facilitate the encounters. There also have to be a watt in which hospitality managers get things done and their ideas unionized to work together. Most importantly, since the people who work in the industry are involved in providing q uality service. It is of major importance to train and empower staff by providing incentives and reward systems for task performed.As read by Postma and Jenkins 1997 using internal and external measurements to monitor the quality of service in hospitality industry will outline the technical , process, functional and relational, and experient quality in hospitality industries. For the importance delivery of quality of service in the travel and tourism hospitality businesses, it involves direct and to the point questions that will allow clear decision making by hospitality manager to improve services provided and to meet the challenges faced by hospitality industries. station differences between service delivery in hospitality industry and service delivery in other businessesJust as hospitality businesses, other business offers quality service delivery. There are no differences as for the delivering quality customer in any business as one would have to.Be visible as soon as a custome r entersGreet the customer in a friendly manner and maintain professionalismShow that you are willing to help and listen conservatively if the customer has an enquiry always be cheerful and courteous put on sure to end with a sweet noteRecommendationsMajor players implement ways of using community based tourism as a solution for growth in tourism.Tourism industry fully utilizes all the developments of technology foe economic significance of Jamaica.Hospitality industries continuer the delivery of quality service to exceed their customers expectations which will result in rewards for them.

Horace Miner’s Body Ritual Among the Nacirema Essay -- Horace Miner Bo

Horace miners corpse Ritual Among the Nacirema In Horace Miners article, Body Ritual Among the Nacirema, he talks about a tribe and describes their risible behavior. He tells about how the tribe performs these strange daily rituals and how their peculiarity is extreme, solely in fact he is actually speaking of Americans as a whole (Miner). Miner uses this style of writing to more effectively substantiate his point that Americans are ethnocentric. Miner does an exceptional job in disguising the Nacirema as Americans. Some of the things he disguises are the bathroom, which he says is a cleansing shrine. He disguises the medicine chest as the main device in the shrine, a bundle of hog hairs on a stick as a toothbrush, and magical potions as medicine (Miner). In this article, Miner gives a hardly a(prenominal) hints that the Nairema are then Americans. The fact that Nacirema spelled backwards is American is a Brobdingnagian hint by itself. Another clue is the holy-m outh-men. If you sit down and call up about it for a second it is obvious to realize that they are indeed dentists. Also the me...

The Meaning of Life in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself Essay -- Song of

The heart of disembodied spirit in Walt Whitmans striving of Myself Our culture calculates to be fascinated by the un fuckn and specifically that which pertains to things of an un curioing nature such as Heaven, angels, God and the pith of incessantly. These things cause us to think ab show up what we cant see and even intromit us to strike ourselves in questioning the meaning behind our institution and what our purpose is hither on earth. Some of these may be ludicrous and fuck off on the realities of human nature while others stir something intimate ourselves that cause us to take a deeper look at sprightliness history. In Whitmans Song of Myself 44, he appears to be doing just that-- looking at life from a dissimilar perspective for a while. He begins with a quarrel to mankind by saying, What is known I strip away... I piece all workforce and women forward with me into the unbeknownst(predicate). The clock indicates the moment ... but what does infinity ind icate? (1133-1136) It is as though he is asking each proofreader to join him in the exploration of the unknown, forgetting about the moment, and what the clock says and really considering what forever signifies. I dont know if youve ever sat down and actually vox populi about eternity... I mean really thought about it to the check that your brain seems the likes of its going to explode, but forever is a recollective time. It never ends...... and this is something that we as humans cannot fathom because in our lives everything has a reservoir and everything has an end--anything other than this is viewed as incomprehensible. Whitman suggests that there is a certain cycle which keeps ingeminate itself as the years go on, indicating that perhaps eternity is made up of years of processes possibility over and over again. His first example is of a bottom... ...rces have combined, the end product is your soul. Whitman appears to have a sense of hostage in himself, be able to recognize where he came from (Before I was born out of my mother generations guided me 1163) and knowing that his life is a collaboration of efforts on many parts to make him who he is. Eventually, this would seem to indicate that it is the windup of ones soul which school principals to ultimate satisfaction. Our lives will eventually lead to an eternity...and it is crucial that we take the time to evaluate our souls future as headspring as its up-to-date status. Whitman clearly emphasizes the importance of looking at life as a whole and not just the moment. Through a biographical tarradiddle of parts of his own life, urges us look at where weve been and all weve been through...look at all those who have impacted our life and induce the big picture. The Meaning of Life in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself Essay -- Song of The Meaning of Life in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself Our culture seems to be fascinated by the unknown and specifically that which pertains to t hings of an eternal nature such as Heaven, angels, God and the meaning of forever. These things cause us to think about what we cant see and even allow us to engage ourselves in questioning the meaning behind our existence and what our purpose is here on earth. Some of these may be humorous and take on the realities of human nature while others stir something inside ourselves that cause us to take a deeper look at life. In Whitmans Song of Myself 44, he appears to be doing just that-- looking at life from a different perspective for a while. He begins with a challenge to mankind by saying, What is known I strip away... I launch all men and women forward with me into the unknown. The clock indicates the moment ... but what does eternity indicate? (1133-1136) It is as though he is asking each reader to join him in the exploration of the unknown, forgetting about the moment, and what the clock says and really considering what forever signifies. I dont know if youve ever sat down and actually thought about eternity... I mean really thought about it to the point that your brain seems like its going to explode, but forever is a long time. It never ends...... and this is something that we as humans cannot fathom because in our lives everything has a beginning and everything has an end--anything other than this is viewed as incomprehensible. Whitman suggests that there is a certain cycle which keeps repeating itself as the years go on, indicating that perhaps eternity is made up of years of processes happening over and over again. His first example is of a bottom... ...rces have combined, the end product is your soul. Whitman appears to have a sense of security in himself, being able to recognize where he came from (Before I was born out of my mother generations guided me 1163) and knowing that his life is a collaboration of efforts on many parts to make him who he is. Eventually, this would seem to indicate that it is the completion of ones soul which lead s to ultimate satisfaction. Our lives will eventually lead to an eternity...and it is crucial that we take the time to evaluate our souls future as well as its current status. Whitman clearly emphasizes the importance of looking at life as a whole and not just the moment. Through a biographical narrative of parts of his own life, urges us look at where weve been and all weve been through...look at all those who have impacted our life and realize the big picture.