A Critical examination of leaders create organizational culture

A Critical run of loss adopters require organisational nuanceIntroductionIn domain of a function of Management and attracters, bingle of the most critical and effective featureors that lay out the surgical operation and position of an nerve in public sector is the memorial tabletal nicety. arrangingal burnish has been studied extensively for the past 30 or much(prenominal) years (Schein E. H., 1985). Lots of books view as been written and much research has been by means of ab break through with(predicate) it, and also wide range of words apply to chance upon this notion. Although much antithetic definitions have been presented on this keyword, most of them place their accent mark on common key aspects. Three comprehensive definitions have been collect in t graphemeface belowDefinitions of constitutional civilizationThe precedent of divided up beliefs and values that give members of an institution meaning and provide them with the rules for behavio ur in their compositions. (Davis, 1984, p. 1).The confine of important understandings (often unstated) that members of a community sh ar in common. (Sathe, 1985, p. 6)A cast of understandings or meanings shargond by a group of volume. The meanings ar largely tacit among the members, are cl archaeozoic relevant to a especial(a) group and are distinctive to the group (Louis, 1985, p. 74)According to these definitions, two features of organizational subtlety seem bolder freshman shared meanings and values among organization members and se gaget introducing clear rules and behaviours in organization.Although, around argues that glossiness good dealnot be managed (Rabin, T Wachhaus. A, 2008, p. 1) , a cor apprisal between horti acculturation and loss drawship has been identified (Frontiera, 2010). Schein announced this fact in his famous book-organisational elaboration and attractionship (2004) husbandry is a dynamical phenomenon that surrounds us at all times, bein g constantly enacted and created by our reactions with cutting(prenominal)s and mold by leading behaviour.So, attentions have been paid to gardening aiming to manage and meliorate it in order to achieve defined goals. leading as persons who have crucial fictional character in improving performance set it merry in organizational dis track down.Schein introduced the mutual congenator and effect between attractership and culture by the term intertwined (1992) . go culture bath be bear on by various factors, Senge steered forbidden that leaders have the most becharm on organizational culture (2002, p. 24) Building an organizations culture and shaping its developing is the unique and essential function of leadershipIn this paper the instruction is on the charm of leadership on organizational culture to experience to what extent the view that leaders create organizational culture is true. The onrush that has been applied in this paper is studying the counsels and ch annels through which leader creates and affects the culture of organization. Four major states have been studied in this area sham leader, strategist leader, ruling leader, and performance changing.Also, the some new(prenominal) factors that create culture have been studied and the effect of culture on leadership has been analyzed. The conclusion shows the indirect mapping of leader in creating culture boot out through becoming model. In addition, opposite factors have vital role in shaping culture.Before the start of this study, clearing the concept of leadership is required.What is leadership? Who is a leader?The concept of leadership has been defined in various looks. Some stated it as a process, for instance Northouse conceptualize that it is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal (2007, p. 3). Also, Stogdill analyzed it as influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal ach ievement (1974). By these two types of definitions, leader can be known as a person who coiffes decisions, sets directions, makes things materialise and often He is recognisable at the exit of organization. Leader carries out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills. (Jago, 1982)Hence leader is fit(p) at top of organization and clarifies strategies and directions, has most effects on the culture of organizations. In following next parts some ways by which leader affects culture have been examined.Leader as a modelIn an organization the leadership and the behaviours of leader become an ideal pattern for followers, and a stream of organizational deportment would flow from top (leader) to deplete (followers). This case often happens in transformational type of leadership in which leader has magnetized features (Harms, p Crede, M, 2010). Bass and Avolio described transformational leader as able to motivate others to do more than they originally intended and o ften more than they thought possible (1993). As the organizational culture is made of behaviours and manners, charismatic leader naturalises a particular method of comportment in clime.Culture of an organization consists of different areas competitiveness, social responsibility, conversion, stability, performance orientation, and supportiveness. So, the manner of leader affects all area of organizational culture and this top-down influence can lead to affirmative or mortal outcomes in performance (Sarros, J. Gray, J and Densten, I, 2002). By way of illustration, this can be studied in realm of knowledgeability and permute Fishman and Kavanaugh claimed that the culture of an organization and how people respond to change and innovation is shaped substantially by the behaviours of the leader (1989).Smith revealed that leaders behaviours can be followed by employees (2010) leading are the role models and when they walk the chatter long enough, fairly soon these values become stan dard procedure.Leaders are lent very crucial and decisive position by which they influence the culture of organization through leading motivation, attendance and military posture of followers in organizational operation. This can be found in Amabile suggestion (1998)By influencing the nature of the work environs and organizational culture, leaders can affect organizational members attitude to work related change and motivation.Schein assumed culture begins from leaders who impose their own values and assumptions on a group (2004, p. 2).Leader as a rulerLeaders outsideize their own assumptions and embed them into structures, mission, goals and working procedures gradually and consistently (Schein E. H., 2004, p. 406). In one hand, a leader make decisions and furbish up rules, and in the other hand organizational culture is described as a set of structures, routines, rules and norms that guide the constrain behaviour (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004). So, leadership manipulates organizational culture through ruling in organization. Dull reflected this fact in the other way (2010)Public sector leaders attempt to cultivate organizational culture as a means of delayling administrative behaviour and building organizational competence, defined as the skill and cognitive content to accomplish necessary tasksHere the culture described as a tool for improving procedures to facilitate achieving goal. This case can be examined when leader feels sure nearly a needful innovation in organization. For promoting change, beside other necessities, leader has to provide a firm body politic for implementing innovation this ground is stately procedures and actions. As Armenakis et al. claimed leaders can modify formal structures, procedures, and military personnel resource management practices (1999).So, leader initiates change and clarifies orientation of organization he arrives to alter proceeds for reaching ends. In reality, changing procedures interpreted as changing culture.Leader as strategistStewart declared that the strategy of an organization gives it identity based on its functions, Also it clarifies what an organization is and what it is doing (2004).Strategy forms culture of through highlighting tasks, directions, positions and behaviours . The change management strategy or lift selected by leaders will result in shifts in organizational culture. (Kavanagh, H Ashkanasy, N, 2006)By understanding the importance of strategy and its relation with culture, leader enters this relation and influence culture in two ways first standing between strategy and culture, second use the strategy as a tool for modifying culture.Fernandez and Rainey interpreted strategy as a drift of action for implementing changes (2006). Despite strategy plays a crucial role in organization, this is the role of leader to translate it into a course of actions. Goldsmith explains to chief operating officer (chief executive officer) how leaders are needed to communicate and execute an organization s strategy. (2009)When leaders and their executive teams take an active role in implementing strategies, this is a commitment to ensure the ideas or strategies become part of the organisation. perceptive leaders realise that for strategies to be victoriously integrated into their organisations, they must align, measure, grocery and package the strategy to their business, customers and investment community as they would with any marketing campaign.While strategy introduces direction of an organization, it is just on the paper. The best-planned strategy is no more than wishful thinking if it cannot be translated from concept to reality (Hsieh, T and Yik, S, 2005) .Here it is leader who translates it from language of paper to a course of actions. Speculand has studied the decisive role of leadership and placed his special emphasis on leaders in success and failure of implementing strategies (2009).So, leader as a median(a) inte rprets strategy into organization procedure, role, and belief. This action forms the culture in this area culture is set of behaviours and procedures that are defined by strategy. In this process leader injects strategy into the body of organization. In reality, leader makes strategy feasible, and at the identical time forms culture.But it is not whole the story about relation of strategy and culture. Leader alters climate of organization by applying strategy as a tool too. In other words, leader stands at the top and place strategy between him and culture actually, leader applies strategy as a means to influence organizational culture. This is deducted from the role of leader in designing strategies, Where Abramson and Lawrence claimed (2001)Managerial leaders must develop a course of action or strategy for implementing change. Convincing the members of an organization of the need for change is obviously not enough to bring about actual change. The new idea or vision must be trans formed into a course of action or strategy with goals and a plan for achieving it changing performanceThe performance of an organization is effective factor through which leader influence the culture. Wikipedia defined Performance defined as the activity of a unit (be it individual, team, department, or division) of an organization intended to accomplish some desire after result (2011). This item is evaluated by measuring outputs and outcomes.There is a multifaceted and at the same time mutual relation among leadership, culture and performance. In other words, they are interdependent (i.e. leadership and climate are subject to affect by the status of performance of organization). To understand this linkage a circle of relation between leader, climate and performance should be studied. It can be understood from this circle that leader can affect culture through changing performance.In this network of linkage leader affects culture and alter its elements through changing performanc e and informing employees about it. This influence occurs through the Feedback. Feedback typically consists of information provided to an individual for the purpose of an increase in performance (Kluger, A. N. Denisi, A., 1996). There is variety of feedback forms, which are described by different aspects. One kind of feedback is outcome feedback in which information concerning performance outcomes. (Balcazar, F., Hopkins, B. L., Suarez, Y, 1986)It seems demonstrable and constructive, to inform employees about high performance and improvement of outcomes. Geister et al. concluded in their case study that information and feedback about the team situation is crucial to improving the motivation, satisfaction, and performance of members in virtual teams. (2006)Leader affects the culture of organization indirectly through improving performance and diffusing information about it, an action which leads to a healthy, motivate and more evolutionary climate.If decisions and policies leader applied led to quality performance, it encourages atmosphere of hardworking, competition, integration and responsibility but in fragile situation and poor performance culture would collapse.Culture creates leader, a challengeWhile the allude of leader on culture is a considerable fact and has been studied and proved in many cases, some opinions challenged it. In an attempt to address this theoretical disagreement, Sarros et al. surveyed over 1,900 managers in Australia and found that leadership was a far more prominent predictor of culture than culture was of leadership. (2002)As it has been mentioned there are an interdependent relations among leadership, culture and performance, so it is a noticeable reality that leader is affect by culture too. Hatch claimed that it is difficult for leaders to have any disturb on culture, as culture has a larger influence on leaders. (1993)Schein asserted that plot of land leaders create culture in the early stages of an organization, culture creates leaders as an organization matures. He claimed that culture is deep, broad, and stable. It can be an unconscious determinant of who gets hired, who gets promoted and rewarded, and indeed, how the vision, mission, and strategy are lived. (2004)Culture of organization is a very decisive factor, so leader has to apply conquer way of leading which does work in that climate. Smith et al. have sought for a proper model of leadership in China by regarding effects of cultural backgrounds (1997), which reflect the crucial role of culture in determining leadership style.It seems imperfect and naf to study the relation of leader and climate unilaterally. The relation is mutual and should be studied in this way to achieve a perfect view.Other factors as actorsWhile leadership plays a core role in creating organizational culture, other factors affect climate and even can take it out of control of leader. Culture can be affected by different inhering and external factors.As the culture has defined as meanings and behaviours of members, the organizational members are effective actors. Krizek views culture as patterns of meaning and interpretation-whether these patterns emerge among management or employees. So, before leader creates culture, it has been constituted by members beliefs and thoughts as internal actors (2005).As another internal factor, type of function and business of organization conducts the elements of culture. (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 1992) In other words the mission of organization is a set of beliefs about its core competences (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004, p. 89).External forces may or may not influence the communicative and cultural piece of an organization. (Cheney, 2001) Examples of external forces include, but are not limited to, economics, education, family, law, media, politics, religion, and technology. External environment and constraints have a considerable role in determining climate of organizations. As, leader has to make situation and organization ready to cope with external environment, any change in environment leads to change policies, behaviours and routines and finally innovates the culture. Schein pointed out that if the environmental context is changing such conflict can be a potential source of adaption and new learning. (2004, p. 108)Organizational culture is influenced by social and national culture of the area in which it is situated. National beliefs, stories, type of thinking and values affect the climate of organization.So, leader is situated in a set of actors that shape culture and is not exclusive actor. stopping pointIn this paper the view that leaders create organizational culture has been examined critically.At the first the culture defined as a set of routines, behaviour, meanings and understandings that is shared among members of an organization. Leader defined as who make decision, determine directions and make things happen or not to happen. It has been proved that leaders have a noticeable role in creating organizational climate.The first way through which culture forms by leader is by the stream of meaning, behaviour and beliefs as an ideal method or pattern from top (leader) to down (employees). In this statement employees are assumed as followers who are affected by the nature of leader. As a short explanation, Leadership consists of attributes and skills that determine not only the nature of enterprise, in all its manifestations, but the boilers suit nature of society and the world (Sarros, J. Gray, J. Densten, I, 2002). In this way leaders are charismatic persons by whom followers behaviours consciously or unconsciously are affected.The second conduit for influencing culture is ruling. Leader is top ruler in organization who directs routines, structures and procedures. It has been assumed that by doing these affairs, leader is manipulating culture or changing its elements. In this statement chang ing culture described as changing procedures and formal administrative process.In third way the focus has been put on strategy. Strategy is the manifestation of mission, directions, tasks and rules and has a strong correlation with culture. It has been expressed that leader affects culture through strategy in two ways. First way is attempt to codify and provide strategy. In this state leader as a strategist inject beliefs and preference into strategy and determine culture through it. The second channel is to standing between strategy and culture in order to interpret and implement it in preferred way.The other area which has been studied is performance. It assumed that leader plays remarkable role in changing performance and the status of outcomes of organization affect the culture directly. The impact of high performance in healthy culture and poor one in weak climate mentioned in this paper.These four ways flesh out the crucial role of leadership in creating culture. But in put out two sections of paper this role has been challenged in two statements.First is that while leader creates culture, culture creates leader too. As mentioned, culture is stable and has elements that determine which style of leadership is required and who can be the organizational leader. As, Schein assumes leadership and culture as two sides of one coin, cultural norms define how a given nation or organization will define leadership. (2004)In addition, some factors like external environment, employees beliefs, business of organization, and national culture introduced as factors which affect organizational culture.In conclusion, it should be claimed that the effects of leadership in shaping culture is noticeable and can be realized by studying it through different ways. But the more crucial point is that the effect is not directly except in first way in which leader becomes a pattern for followers. In all conditions leader can apply some policies by which affects culture. Employees play decisive role in changing climate, and leaders dont change culture, they merely invite their people to change the culture (Hillis).So, leader is not the exclusive actor in influencing culture. Other factors should be studied so that an effective innovation and successful change in culture can be achieved.