New Jerse Essay Example for Free

late Jerse EssayNow this is a story on the whole about me, when my life got twist turn upside down, if you like to take a minute just reading right here, Ill write you how I became a prince of a town called New Jersey could you find a word that rhymes with New Jersey?In East London Im born and embossed on a playground is where Ive spent the most of my days chilling out, relaxing all cool and all kicking some football outside(a) of school when a couple of guys, they were up to no good started making trouble in my neighbourhood I got in one little contract and my mum got scared and said youre moving with your aunt and uncle in New Jersey here, have this Hershey that kind of rhymes. If you didnt know Hershey is a chocolate bar that is interchange in America.Although I would like to think that I was the fresh prince, my story didnt exactly start out like that. Instead of my parents s give noticeing me to my relatives because of academic problems, I went because I have been nag ging them for a really long time. Im not saying that my academic level was r all(prenominal)ing its fullest potential before I went, only the main reason I went was to have a test of things to come. For as long as I can remember I have perpetually necessitateed to live in one of those semi-detached American houses with the large front garden, golden retriever, two kids and a large garage.When most people watch American films they are focused on the storyline, but when I watch them not only am I watching the story, but also at the spikelet of my mind I am constantly absorbing the American background. Finally in the summer of 2000 July 3rd, I got the chance to have a taste of my dream. stock-still though it was just a small taste, it was enough to last me however long it will take to finally move in that respect. When my parents did decide that it was o. k. to send me on that point, it was there idea of making me have a taste of the real world.There idea of a taste of the re al world was my idea of a taste of a dream. At the time I had just finished my GCSEs, and my grades were not that great. My parents had planned that America would change my course I guess it did in the end but my biggest change was with my personality. When I did return I felt more confident, independent, funny and larger (thanks to those large American portions of food). Everything leading up to the day I left flew by and before I knew it I was in the airport sitting at the waiting room with my dad.I remember my dad organism really calm and cool about everything, he never really got sad in front of me especially with good-bys. He told me stories about when he went to New York for the first time Now this is a story all about your dad, back in the day I also was bad, Your old man also had the American dream, thinking that it would be so cool and supreme, I stayed there for a while to learn the truth, that America was best lived in the movies, what a fairy I never knew my dad could rap, looks as though he has a problem with finishing it as well.To sum up my dads rap he also had the American dream being brought up on James Dean movies. Throughout his teenage years he had dreamt up an image of what America would be like, unfortunately when he stayed there, it did not match his dream. That is how my dad tells the story, but I think theres something he is not telling me. I also believe that my parents dont want me to live far away from them because they regret moving far away from their parents when they were younger. On the plane, I sat next to an empty seat, which wasnt bad as I wasnt really good with the airplane conversations.I travelled on Virgin Atlantic and the in-flight entertainment was great, they had a video screen in front of each seat with which I could play games, watch films and programmes. Anyway back onto America, I remember as we approached the New York coast I heard a rider in the seat in front of me, look theres the statue of liberty I looked t o my right out of the window and saw her. She was a bit smaller so I had imagined (in Ghostbusters 2 she was huge ), and she was green. I never actually realised that she was green before I always thought she was grey.I wasnt disappointed though looking at the New York skyline for the first time was great. However I still felt as though I was in England, perhaps it would change when we land. After I collected my luggage, I went through the inspection terminal where policemen checked your passports. I found this strange but the strangest was to come, when I reached the gate where my aunt would be waiting for me. Oh yeah if I didnt mention it before, I would be staying with my auntie there, like my parents were really going to let me stay there by myself.

Father of Modern Management Essay Example for Free

Father of Modern Management EssayThe satisfaction of kindly necessitate is something that is achievable for most individuals. People preserve meet others who share similar interests by joining relevant clubs or associations and can mix with peers by attention relevant social functions. There are also dating agencies and dinner clubs for those who are seeking companionship. Where social services are often required to assistant is when a person is unable to easily or practically address these social needs, for specimen, someone who is elderly or housebound. Organisations such as Age fretfulness provide facilities like luncheon clubs and day centres, where individuals can benefit from company and conversation. They also collate in hammeration on other available resources like anamnesis and friendship groups (Age Concern, 2008). There are many routes to satisfying esteem needs. These include finding challenges of a vocational or academic nature or befitting part of a commun ity group to gain a sense of achievement and social inclusion. For some, actively satisfying their own esteem needs can be a daunting process.Where social services can assist is in providing accessible services in a variety of formats. One example is the Gateway Team, part of Poole sociable Services (Borough of Poole, 2008) who list their aim as To enable adults in Poole to achieve, maintain and enjoy emotional and social well-being by means of the planning of a specialised service. This includes free psychology and counselling services and workshops aimed at addressing anxiety and depression or providing assertiveness training.It also focuses on actively helping individuals to attain social inclusion by providing ideas for getting involved in the local community. Additionally, help is given by sourcing self-help material in the form of books or online resources. The Gateway Team is merely one localized example to highlight available support but this picture is replicated through out the country with the provision of services available from local authorities, charities, volunteer groups and private organisations.Moving on to self-actualisation, it is important to differentiate between this level and the others within Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. As it is bear on with a constantly evolving set of ambitions rather than a basic set of needs, self-actualisation does not require a safety net provided by social services. However, the social services framework can be utilised by enterprising individuals to help realise their potential.For example, undertaking volunteer work can build confidence, augment social networks and heighten the sense of well-being. Additionally, career prospects can be significantly enhanced as 73% of employers would employ a candidate with volunteering experience all over one without (TimeBank, 2008). In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated that social services, in the widest definition of the term, provide a wide range of facilities to address the Hierarchy of Needs as set out by Maslow.Although society is far from perfect and the eradication of neither poverty nor suffering is likely to be achieved, the assistance available in this country to those in need is comprehensive. Imagine what life was like for those most in need before the welfare state was established and before charities and other caring organisations became widespread. Consequently, the aim should be to bolster this supportive network and make it the very best it can be. Just like people, social services essential continue to strive to fulfil its potential.Reference ListAbraham Maslow Father of Modern Management (2007) Available from http//www. abraham-maslow. com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs. asp Accessed 4 October 2008. Age Concern Kingston upon Thames (2008) Social Activities online. Available from http//www. ageconcernkingston. org/whatwedo_socialactivities. htm Accessed 5 October 2008. BBC News Online (2004) Homeless Face More Violent C rime online. Available from http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk/4099727. stm Accessed 5 October 2008.

Jollibee Case Study Essay Example for Free

Jollibee Case Study Essay1. IntroductionAnil K. Gupta and Vijay Govindarajan argue in their article, cognition flows and the structure of master within multinational corporations, that mainly all previous research on strategic control within multinational companies (MNCs) has stipendiary attention to why these select to go abroad. They instead argue that for successful onshore furrow, one must understand how communication flows within the different sub-units of the organization. As Jollibee Foods Corporation considers whether they should establish a fourth neckcloth in Hong Kong, it faces several challenges. One of the main challenges regards association transfer between its Philippine facilities and the newly established ones abroad. It is therefore relevant to formula at the following research questionWhat consequences does the current strategic control over its subsidiaries have on the knowledge transfer between the Jollibee headquarters on the Philippines and the of fshore Jollibee Food plants in Hong Kong?In answering the research question, we will start by explaining the frame act upon of Gupta Govindarajans (1991) on different kinds of subsidiaries, with attention paid to knowledge transfer and their related control instruments. Further we will examine what kind of challenges Jollibee Foods Corporation is facing with its expansion to Hong Kong. Finally, the above analysis will leave behind us with information about the existing opportunities on the Chinese market and will enable us to suggest a reconstruction of the offshore business in Hong Kong to make it more than successful. Jollibee meets several tasks in their offshoring project, but due to space limitation there will in this paper only be focus on two selected challenges, the challenges of adjusting to Chinese taste and their steering structure.2. Jollibee Foods Construction and its strategic control over its subsidiary in Hong-KongGupta and Govindarajan (1991) proposed that there exists a plastered association between different types of subsidiary units and the strategic corporate control of that subsidiary. They defined four ideal types as Implementor, Global innovator, Integrated Player and topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic Innovator, based on the amount of knowledge that flows and the direction of this knowledge, between the subsidiary and the rest of the MNC.Upon Tingzons arrival the main dodging of the offshore business has been signal flag pose. Flag planting aims at establishing a presence in each market before competitors, and so, emphasizing at fulfilling customer expectation, influencing taste and construction brand (case p. 11). The initial plan in Hong Kong has been to become one of the major players in the market fast. The previous international strategy meant that the subsidiaries in Hong Kong functioned as implementors. An implementor is characterized by a high degree of knowledge inflow from the headquarters but with a low degree of knowledge outflow hence mainly applying the strategy used in the parent company without any local anaesthetic adaption (Gupta and Govindarajan 1991).Functioning as an implementor has meant that the established Hong Kong stores have not been engaged in any knowledge creation, but simply followed instructions from the Philippine headquarters. Furthermore one chiffonier argue that Jollibees approach to Hong Kong has been to primarily implement the already existing practices from the Philippines. For example, the batting order offered in Hong Kong is almost the same as the Filipino one, knowledge of what to sell has simply been brought in from headquarter (case page. 12)Further evidence arguing for that the Hong Kong subsidiary has been operating identical an implementor can be seen in the management transfer of the CEOs brother-in-law, from the parent company to the Hong Kong subsidiary (case page 12). In addition, the store-level managers were all Filipino tour little junto were Chinese and staffing problems consequently grew. To solve the problem the Manila based Franchise Service Manager worked continuously with Hong Kong for more than six months, without success. In 1997 a dispute over discipline between the four Chinese Managers, and the five Filipino Managers, resulted in the Chinese Managers leaving Jollibee with only Filipino crew left (page 12). This points towards the subsidiaries in Hong Kong adapting the characteristic of an implementor, e.g. pure inflow of knowledge from the parent company and little outflow of knowledge from the Hong Kong subsidiary. Furthermore is the overall flag planting strategy of Jollibee very indicative of the skewed power balance between Jollibee and its subsidiaries.3. Organizational ChallengesJollibee experienced the internal challenges of organizational culture clash between its apply Filipino workers and the Chinese staff. Furthermore the implementation of the international menu was not as successful a s expected (case p. 13). The strategy of focusing on Filipino expatriates in new markets, business leader has helped Jollibees entry to the Hong-Kong market, since they already had a distinguished costumer group of Filipinos. alone as Tingzon asks in the case might we risk boxing ourselves into a Filipino niche that prevents us from growing enough to support operations in each country? (case p. 11).We found that the expatriate-led strategy have prevented further expansion of the company on the Hong Kong market. This is due to the local knowledge that resides in Chinese workers and managers are not exploited when only employing Filipino managers. As stated above, in the early entry into the Hong Kong market, Jollibee did also employ Chinese managers but due to their sole implementation of inflows from headquarters, clashes arose between the Chinese and the Filipino managers. Furthermore one major challenge to success fully establish a fourth store and gain more market share is to a dapt the rife menu to the Chinese taste. The main challenge for Jollibee now is how to realize, and best use, the knowledge that resides in Chinese workers.4. Altering the Strategy for the Hong Kong SubsidiaryFrom the above section we can conclude that there exists several challenges of how the subsidiary in Hong Kong has previously been structured, for example has one of the sub-franchisees tried to suggest changes to the menu. To be able to attract more local costumers he proposed low fat chicken and Chinese tea, as he sensed a demand for these products among the Chinese people (case p. 12). He has tried to implement these changes for several of months but has not yet received a go-ahead from the headquarters. This indicates that Jollibee mainly sees its subsidiaries as implementors, without any outflow of local knowledge to the other subsidiaries. But for Jollibee to succeed in opening a fourth store and increase its market share on the Hong Kong market, reconstruction and adapt ion to the local market is crucial. The top management saw a high profit potential in Hong Kong, and therefore urged Tingzon to open the fourth store.But as the profit potential is high, the competition in Hong Kong for similar food companies, such as McDonalds, is also very intense. Jollibee Food Construction does not have the competitive advantage of a first removal company and is not alone on the market. For example has their main competitor, McDonalds, both stronger brand recognition in the Hong Kong market and they are stronger financially. Hence Jollibee has to take on a different subsidiary strategy than the implementor, in order to success (Hymer p. 61).With this in mind the strategy of the Hong Kong sub-division can become a successful sub-division if it adapts the characteristics of a local innovator instead of trying to be an implementor, with both low inflow and outflow of knowledge. One main challenge for Jollibee is to attract more local employees and as Gupta and Gov indarajans proposition 3 states under norms and administrative rationality will the composition of the top-management for the specific subsidiary consist of mainly locals if the division acts as a local innovator (Gupta and Govindarajan 1991). As an implementor has the possibility for autonomous initiative been low while it as a local innovator exists space to adapt to the local environment, e.g. for Jollibee to take on a more Chinese menu.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, as Jollibee decide whether or not to establish one more store in Hong Kong, they have to look over their strategic control over its subsidiaries. As examined above, the company has mainly viewed their subsidiaries as implementors. We found this international strategy insufficient, and that it hindered them to fully exploit the market potential in Hong Kong. The prevailing challenges for Jollibee now is how to realize and best use the knowledge that resides in Chinese workers. Due to limitations of the paper, it is only a fraction of possible explanations that have been highlighted and these revolve primarily around the importance of increasing the local engagement in the Hong Kong subsidiary, and increase the local innovation towards more local taste. Hence we argue for Jollibees subsidiaries in Hong Kong to adapt towards a local innovator role.6. BibliographyCase Bartlett, C. A. (2001). Jollibee Foods Corporation (A) International Expansion. Harvard Business SchoolGupta, A.K.,Govindarajan, V. (1991). Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporations. Academy of Management, Review 16(4) 768-792Gupta, A.K., Govindarajan, V. (2000). Knowledge flows within multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal 21, pp. 473-496.letto-Gilles, G. (2005). Hymers seminal work, in Part III Modern Theories in Transnational Corporations and International Production. Academic Books, Copenhagen Business School. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.Schlegelmilch, B., Ambos, B. , Chini, T. (2003/4). Are you ready to learn from your offshore affiliates? European Business Forum, 16

Commercial Contracts in International Oil and Gas Industry

Commercial Contracts in International Oil and Gas IndustryThis idea aims to address the issues associated with long term petroleum contracts concluded between the state and international crude oil companies in terms of the political risks investors tend to face in such(prenominal) contracts as well as the risk of change of circumstances brought about not by the act of the parties but rather by the time. In doing so, the efficiency of some(prenominal) stabilization and renegotiation clauses, as means of mitigating these mentioned risks, atomic number 18 critically examined. It argues that stabilization clauses are exceedingly problematic with regard to their validity and effect as they would normally conflict with the very well established linguistic rule of international law of state s everyplaceeignty, also these clauses are limited only to the change of regulative framework and does not take into consideration the effect of change of other circumstances which may have a cons iderable impact on the parties obligations. Whereas, renegotiation clauses lav be useful to reduce the impact of changes not only the statutory framework of the host state but also other circumstances which are beyond the escort of the parties should proper and clear mechanisms and criteria for implementing these clauses be provided for within the clause.It is widely recognized that regulatory stability of any given state is an essential division of promoting and encouraging investment in general and to attract and secure the confidence of potential foreign investors in particular.1 This is certainly the case for energy projects where investors are unprotected to wide variety of risks throughout the projects life, given the long duration and the capital intensive characters of these projects. In addition, the vurnablity of petroleum contracts to the change of circumstances, which may be beyond their control such as price fluctuation in the international energy market, can make the contractual arrangement that was once profitable becoming highly undesirable a few years later.2 Not to mention the very occurrence that one of the parties of these contracts is state or its agency may well arouse the investors concerns that the contractual arrangements once have been secured at the time of negotiating can be disregarded by unilateral states act later.Therefore, it has been the tendency of oil and gas investors to render protection against these risks by providing for legal mechanism in the contract in order to mitigate their impact throughout the project period. These legal mechanisms tend to be in the form of stability guarantees offered by the state, either stabilization clauses or renegotiation clauses, as well as providing for arbitration to be the manner of dispute resolution. However, tour the latter has become a stable and widely recognized clause aiming to ensure the netiaulty and fairness of resolving disputes arising between the states and IOCs, t he former has generated much concern over their legal validity and effect, simply because of the fact that the main objective of these clauses is to fetter the states right to legislate and regulate for reasonably long period of time.It is the aim of the game chapter to critically analyze the different views given to stabilization clauses in scholars writing and the relevant arbitration awards in terms of their legal validity under both national and international law and the extent to which these clauses can prevent the state from exercising its sovereign power within its territory. Arguing that the sharp divide among scholars and arbitrators in this regard proves the insufficient and uncertain nature of these clauses, which in turns makes the capability of these clauses to provide absolute protection to oil and gas investor questionable.Chapter three goes on to further depone the conclusion reached in the second chapter through using the example of the Russian petroleum experimen t, where the existence of stabilization clauses led to decreasing cooperation between the state and the attention and resulted in disrupting the parties relationship as the petroleum activities went on, given the fact that the Russian fossil oil Law concerned only encouraging the exploration activities while lifting many an(prenominal) essential aspects unregulated with the view that if the oil was to be found, new legislation would be enacted. It is from this chapter where this paper comes to the conclusion that not only does stabilization clauses conflict with the principle of state sovereignty and may well be held invalid as a result, but also these clauses have appeared to be inconsistent with the parties needs to on the table mechanism in order to mitigate the risk of changes of circumstances brought about by time rather than parties acts.Finally, chapter four aims to advocate the recent trend of inserting renegotiation clauses into oil and gas contracts as the proper manne r to mitigate not only the political risk of state behavior but also other mercantile risks associated with petroleum projects, which in the latter case even the host state can enjoy the protection offered by this device. On the other hand, this chapter also recognizes the fact that renegotiation clause may be too flexible, and thus run the risk of the contract being open-ending. Therefore, this chapter argues that the success of this clause depends, to very large extent, on the item drafting agreed by the parties and whether a clear mechanism and guidance have been provided to address potential disputes.Thus, this paper argues that the states right to legislate and to regulate should not be subject to negotiation, nor to be used as an incentive for the purpose of attracting investment as such commitment is difficult to be fulfilled in the long term. Furthermore, stabilization clauses have proved to be inefficient and difficult to predict as well as inconsistent with the parties n eeds in such a long term contract. Whereas, renegotiation clauses can achieve the parties aims and objectives of sustaining the agreed contractual arrangements and encouraging cooperation needed in long term contracts through flexible legal mechanisms.2. BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Primary Sources1.1 Judicial decisionsPreussenElektra case (PreussenElektra AG vs Schleswag AG) ECJ C-379/98, European Court reports 2001, I-02099Stardust Marine case (French Republic v Commission of the European Communities) ECJ C-482/99, European Court reports 2002, I-043971.2 European Union secondary legislationRegulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity, OJ L176/37, 15.07.20032. Secondary Sources2.1 BooksCameron P. D., Legal Aspects of EU Energy Markets, (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2005).Helm D., Energy, the State, and the Market British Energy Policy since 1979 (Oxford Oxford Univer sity Press, 2003).Hunt S., Making Competition Work in Electricity (New York John Wiley Sons, Inc. 2002).2.2 ArticlesMeier, G.M., Impact of the power-market relaxation behavior on the operation of CHP-plants securing the competitiveness on the district heat market, 29(4) Euroheat and Power/Fernwarme International (2000).Klinge Jacobsen, H., Fristrup, P. and Munksgaard, J., Integrated energy markets and varying degrees of liberalisation Price links, bundled sales and CHP labor exemplified by Northern European experiences, 34(18) Energy Policy 3527-3537 (2006).2.3 Other2.3.1 Internet sourcesEuropean Association for the Promotion of Cogeneration (GOGEN Europe), Financial and regulative Support for Cogeneration in EU (2007) http//www.cogeneurope.eu/publications/reports_and_studies.htm (last visited on 31 November 2008)Lowe, Ph., Applying EU Competition Law to the new liberalized energy markets, (13 May 2003) http//europa.eu.int/comm/competition/speeches/text/sp2003_012_en.pdf (last visited on 1 December 2008)1 L. Cotula, Reconciling Regulatory Stability and Evolution of Environmental Standards in Investment Contracts Towards a Rethink of Stabilization articles, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, vol. 1 (2008), p1642 P. Thomas, Evaluating Stabilisation Clause in Venezuelas Strategic Association Agreement for Heavy-Crude Extraction in the Orinoco Belt The Return of a Forgotten Contractual Risk Reduction Mechanism for the Petroleum Industry p.1

Homeostasis And Goldfish Respiration Physical Education Essay

Homeostasis And Gold lean Respiration Physical Education Essay each(prenominal) reed organism possesses a mechanism for maintaining homeostasis. Homeostasis is the ability of the remains or a cell to essay and maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability within its internal environment when dealing with changes in the external environment. Regulation of temperature is around definitely the most authorized aspect of homeostasis. Fish be insentient animals. Most tilt sensnot control their internal body temperatures. Most fish body temperatures change with the temperature of the irrigate more or less them. In order to obtain temperature homeostasis, the fish seek rimeder or warmer water. They lose metabolic vex through their branchias. There are different types of metabolic adaptations in fish. Temperature and blood pressure are two. Cold-blooded animals must regulate their body temperature by moving.Literary DiscussionHomeostasis and the Respiration of GoldfishWhat is Homeostasis? Homeostasis is the ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes (www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Homeostasis). The main function of homeostasis is to play along all(prenominal) the processes of the body stable even if there are variations in the weather and environment outside (http//www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-homeostasis.html). Regulation of temperature is most definitely the most important aspect of homeostasis. Warm blooded animals are able to retain a more adjustable constant body temperature. In homosexuals, homeostasis happens when the body regulates body temperature in an effort to maintain an internal temperature around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (http//www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Homeostasis). For instance, when it is hot outside your body sweats to cool off, and we shiver to warm up during the cold seasons. Un wish humans, most fish cannot control their internal body temperatures. Fish are cold-blooded creatures. Some fish have mechanisms to keep a florid temperature. In order to obtain temperature homeostasis, the fish seek colder or warmer water. Certain types of fish such as tuna fish control their body temperature by a specialized heat exchange system of blood vessels. Most fish are poikilothermic which means their body temperature changes with the temperature of the water around them. For instance, if the top of a pond is frozen over, the fish swims to the bottom of the pond to try to stay at a comfortable temperature. All animals create heat from metabolic activity. Metabolic activity includes breaking down food and movement (http//www.ehow.com/facts_7433473_fish-homeostasis-different-water-temperatures.html). Animals such as fish lose metabolic heat through their gills. This happens because the het blood that runs through vessels in the gills comes into close contact with the colder water outside, and all the heat is lost.M some(prenominal) diseases are a result of disturbance of homeostasis. This condition is know as homeostatic imbalance. Every organism will lose efficiency in its control systems as it ages. Homeostatic imbalance is amenable for the physical changes associated with agedness along with the internal environment. Inefficiencies gradually increase the risk for illness because of the unstable internal environment. It has been seen where alleged negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms then dash over. Negative feedback is mainly how homeostasis is maintained, and positive feedback includes processes like blood clotting (http//www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/about2004.html).In maintaining homeostasis, the kidneys, liver, and brain are the organs in which play an important role. The kidneys are responsible for controlling blood water level, and regulation of salt and ion content in the blood. The liver perfor ms the function of stabilizing carbohydrate metabolism and metabolizing toxic substances (http//www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-homeostasis.htm.l) Whereas, the brain helps in controlling the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. Dehydration, hypertension, diabetes, hypoglycemia, etc are major homeostatic imbalance health problems. Homeostasis is extremely important for proper functioning of all human body systems. Enzymes even need a specific constant temperature to work at their optimum level. At higher temperatures, the enzymes will stop working. Homeostasis occurs to all humans, animals, and plants and is needed for us to stay healthy and alive.There are different types of metabolic adaptations in fish. Temperature and blood pressure are two examples. Body temperature for a fish mainly depends on the temperature of the water that the fish is in. This is the same for a fish in a ice chest, lake, pond, river, ocean, etc. A fish body adjusts to the temperature where th e fish will be comfortable in the water. Cold-blooded animals cannot generate their own body heat they must regulate their body temperature by moving. Absorptive and stomach absorptive are two metabolic pass ons. Digestion, strength, respiration, salt and water balance, and heart rate are also included in this category. Glycolysis is an anaerobic metabolic path government agency. Homeostasis in fish as well as in humans adjusts when the environment that it is in adjusts. If a fish is swimming in polluted water, the water is loss to affect the fish. Its going to affect the fishs vision, the fishs breathing, and many other things. Just like polluted air causes humans to get a disease or any other illness, a fish can get a disease or illness as well. The temperature will affect the pace of the fish connatural to the temperature affecting the pace of humans.Homeostasis, in biological terms means that the body is maintaining internal equilibrium to adjust internally and physiological ly, in response to the external environmental changes(http//www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-homeostasis.html). The main function of homeostasis is to keep all the processes of the body stable even if there are variations in the weather and environment outside (http//www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-homeostasis.html). Regulation of temperature is most definitely the most important aspect of homeostasis.VocabularyEffectors-are muscles or glands which work in response to the stimulus received from the motor nerves(http//www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-ii/control-and-coordination/receptors-and-effectors.php).Receptors-are structures at the ends of the nerve fibers that collect the information to be conducted by the nerves (http//www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-ii/control-and-coordination/receptors-and-effectors.php).Nares (Nostrils)-the nasal passages(http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/nares).Mouth-the opening in which an animal or human takes in food, liquid, ox ygen, etc. (http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/ speak?s=t)Eyes- the organ of sight, in vertebrates typically one of a coupling of spherical bodies contained in an orbit of the skull and in humans appearing externally as a dense, white, curved membrane, or sclera, border a circular, colored portion, or iris, that is covered by a clear, curved membrane, or cornea, and in the center of which is an opening, or pupil, through which light passes to the retina.( http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/eyes?s=t)Operculum-the gill cover a part or organ serving as a lid or cover, as a covering flap on a seed vessel. (http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/operculum?s=t) squint-eyed Line-the line, or system of lines, of sensory structures along the head and sides of fishes, by which the animal is believed to detect water current and pressure changes and vibrations. (http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/late-ral+line?s=t) flaccid Dorsal Fins-the fin or finlike integumentary expansion general ly developed on the back of aquatic vertebrates.( http//www.earthlife.net/fish/fins.html)Pectoral Fins-(in fishes) either of a pair of fins usually situated behind the head, one on each side, and corresponding to the forelimbs of higher vertebrates.( http//www.earthlife.net/fish/fins.html)Pelvic Fins-(in fishes) either of a pair of fins on the demoralise egress of the body, corresponding to the hind limbs of a land vertebrate ventral fin.( http//www.earthlife.net/fish/fins.html)Gills-the respiratory organ of aquatic animals, as fish, that breathe oxygen fade away in water.( http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/gills?s=t)Scales-one of the hard, bony or dentinal plates, either flat or denticulate, forming the covering of certain other animals, as fishes.( http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/scales?s=t)Vent-the anal or excretory opening of animals, especially of those below mammals, as birds and reptiles.( http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/vent?o=100074)Peduncle-a stalk or s tem a stalk like part or structure.( http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/peduncle?s=t)Anal Fin- the median, unpaired fin on the ventral margin between the anus and the caudal fin in fishes.( http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/anal+fin?s=t) cardinal-Chambered Heart-including one atrium and one ventricle.( http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(heart)Jaws- either of two bones, the mandible or maxilla, forming the framework of the mouth.( http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/jaws?s=ts)Equilibrium-a state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces.Vertebrates- are animals that have a spine or backbones.( http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/equilibrium?s=t)Cold-blooded- designating or pertaining to animals, as fishes and reptiles, whose blood temperature ranges from the freezing point upward, in accordance with the temperature of the surrounding medium.( http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/cold-blooded?s=t)Ventilation-combination of movement of operculum and the floor of the mouth.( http//www.biology-resources.com/fish-01.html) inquire, Hypothesis, Materials, and ProcedureQuestion Do various temperatures of water effect the way a fish breathe?Hypothesis-Cold water Cold water will affect the way a fish breathe. A fish will take deeper, slower, and less breathes.Room Temperature Water The amount of breaths a fish breathes will be normal. juicy water Hot water will cause the fish to taker deeper breaths that are faster. Fish will inhale and exhale more breathes in hot water.Materials-Two fishSmall sized container/fish tankHot waterCold waterRoom temperature waterNotebook/paperPen/ drawThermometertimerProcedure-First, set excursion a bowl of water to get it to be room temperature. While that sits, create a table with three rows and octad columns. Label the first row experimental sample. Label the next two rows fish one and fish two. Label the columns room temperature, number of breaths, cold water temperature, breaths, hot water temperature, and breaths.Then, get extremely cold water and pour it into the container/fish bowl. make full the first fish and put it in the container with the cold water. Take the thermometer and put it in the bowl of water wait till the meter stops moving. Record the temperature of the water. Next, set your timer to sixty seconds. Start the timer and expect how many breaths the fish takes until the timer goes off. Record the time. Take the fish and thermometer out of the water and pour the water out.Pour the hot water into the container/fish tank and put the previous fish back into the container. Take the thermometer and sit it in the bowl until the meter stops. Record the temperature. Like before, set the timer to sixty seconds and take how many breaths the fish takes in that time. Record your results. After that, take the fish out along with the thermometer. Empty the container of the water.By this time the water that was set aside should be room temperature. Take that water and empty it into the container/fish tank and put the previous fish and thermometer in the bowl. Record the temperature of the water. Set the timer and cipher the breaths taken again. Record your results before taking the fish and thermometer out. Pour out the water.Repeat this process with the other fish and new water.Bar Graph and frequence TableExperimental SampleRoom TemperatureNumber of BreathsWarm TemperatureNumber of BreathsCold TemperatureNumber of BreathsTimeFish 122 C8927 C9125 C5960 secFish 223 C8427 C6925 C6660 secWhat is a fish? What is the mechanism in which fish breathe in water? A fish is any cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water (http//www.myuniversalfacts.com/2006/03/how-do-fish-breathe.html). Fish live in nearly any water habitat and can be found in many different varieties of climatic conditions from near-freezing Arctic waters to the hot desert springs. Animals that live on land have a different respiratory system from aquatic animals such as fish. A fish is capable of breathing under water without taking frequent trips to the surface to breathe air unlike a whale which is a marine animal. This is because fish have gills. It is a process to fish breathing. First, water in the fishs surrounding enters its mouth. Water enters the mouth by the operculum and a very effective pumping system that involves the mouth. As a fish pumps water through the gills it opens and closes its mouth. Water is drawn into the mouth after the fish opens its mouth and the operculum closes. After water enters the fishs mouth it passes through a structure. This structure is called gill rakers. The gill rakers act as a strive system by straining out particles such as food or any other foreign particles that may have entered the mouth from the influx of water. Next, the filtered water travels through the gill arches hence passing over the gills. Projected out into the water flow allows water to flow across the lamellae are gill filaments. Resulting, oxygen and car bon dioxide are exchanged directly across the capillary membrane. As water flows through the gills, the dissolved oxygen passes into blood circulating through the gill structures. The gill structures include the filaments and lamellae. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide which is the waste product, in the fishs bloodstream passes into the water. It is then carried away and out of the body through the operculum. This is the process by which fish breathe also know as respiration.Resources and Referenceshttp//www.biology-resources.com/fish-01.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp//www.myuniversalfacts.com/2006/03/how-do-fish-breathe.htmlhttp//teachers.guardian.co.uk/Guardian_RootRepository/Saras/ContentPackaging/UploadRepository/learnpremium/Lesson/learnpremium/scienc00/post1600/biology/exchan00/gaseou01/gaseou01/breath00/default.htmhttp//www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-ii/control-and-coordination/receptors-and-effectors.phphttp//encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Two+chamber ed+hearthttp//www.dictionary.comhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(hearthttp//www.earthlife.net/fish/fins.html

Fashion Magazines Define Females Beauty Standard Media Essay

Fashion Magazines Define Females Beauty Standard Media EssayAdvertisements in women magazines has became active when marketer realised the purchase power of women, Marchland, 1985 suggested that in 1920s young-bearing(prenominal) purchasing power took over 80 percent of the whole consumer purchases. That was because the gender role of female at that time was home orientated, they were responsible for(p) for familial expenditure. As time changes, when the market of home orientated product got saturated, marketing then stereotypes women interconnected with sexuality. Courtney and Lockeretz suggested four general stereotypes of women were presented in print publicize A womans fix is in the home women do not make important decisions or do important things women are dependent and need mens auspices and men regard women primarily as sexual objects (Courtney Whipple, 1983 pp.7).The beginning of media act on beauty receivedThe advertising agencies referred women as General Purchasin g Agent, as purchasing agents, women could command respect for exhibiting qualities previously honoured primarily in men-capacities for planning, efficiency, and expert decision making (Marchand 1958 pp.168). The G.P.A has became a corner stone of advertising in the theater of operations of female market, during this period advertising often adopt the theme of successful woman gain neighborly acceptance and social approval by employing or consuming a particular product.McEwen suggested in 1976 that, from the field of social psychology, advertising agencies have employed the belief of the social self as a regulation technique in advertisements by defining what was socially approved and what was not. During the phrase of social acceptance, the media portrayed the role of women as universe responsible for broadening their social and intellectual interests as well as maintain youngful in order to be a modern companion for their husbands. They needed to preserve their youth so that they could beautify their husbands lives and keep pace with them during evenings of dancing and the theatre (Marchand 1985 pp.175).The importance of being self conscious of physical structure image and appearing has been introduced through media, especially with the reinforcement of advertising in the late 1920s. In the middle of her mechanically engineered kitchen, the modern housewife was expected to be overcome with issue of whether her self, her body, her personality were workable in the socio sexual market that define her job. Advertisements utilize pictures of veiled nudes and women in auto-erotic stances to encourage self comparison and to remind women of the primacy of their sexuality (McEwen 1976 pp.179). The holy manised female images in which portrayed in media has always been changing, so is the standard of beauty perceived within the society. The media provides idealised body images of women by providing role models or examples of captivating women, for example, ca twalk models and actresses. In which, audiences could compare themselves with the idealised body shape or appearance. The idealised body shaped has changed from being voluptuous and curvaceous in the 1940s and 1950s to being busty and narrow-hipped from the late 1960s through the 1980s (Straight 2005 pp.2)The reason of which the idealised beauty standard has always been changing was because companies need to create an unsustainable beauty standard to ensure targeted consumer go out keep purchasing diverse goods to maintain satisfied with their appearance. Freedman, 1986 mentioned the beauty ideal was impossible to achieve and this could lead to feelings of inadequacy. The feelings of inadequacy were often ply by cosmetic and diet product manufactures, in which the immemorial objective of their advertisement campaigns were to persuade women they could improve their imperfections only by consuming their products.However the make of media have on audience laughingstock vary due t o individual differences. Audience with different personalities, pass experiences and social context interpret the messages of the media differently, in addition, different medium also provides different influence for audience, and for example, the influence of advertisement shall be strongest among the mediums, because the principle of advertising is to influence audiences behaviour and value.Ethical issues with advertising influenceThe internalisation of an attractiveness ideal and a perception of body dissatisfaction may serve to mediate the consanguinity between media exposure and disordered eating (Stice et al, 1994). Media Awareness internet journal reported over three quarters of the covers of womens magazines include at least one message on how to alter and improve womans bodily appearance by cosmetic surgery or diet. The ratio of diet ads in mens and women magazine is 1 10, in which the ratio of eating disorders in men and women is identical. This indicates a relationshi p between exposure to diet ads and eating disorders, however gender differences may also affect behaviour.Theories of media influence on beauty standard accessible comparison theoryA theoretical model using social comparison wreakes can be offered to explain how exposure to the socio-cultural thin and attractive ideal leads to increased body dissatisfaction (Heinberg and Thompson, 1992 Smolak et al, 1993 Thompson et al, 1991).This theory suggests that individuals make up comparison with others who offers specific, valued attributes. It also takes individual differences into account, for example, the differences in regard of self-esteem. Mintz and Betz, 1988, conducted a re hunting that shown female college students who felt up dissatisfied with their bodies image were more likely to conform to the stereotyped body presented in the media as attractive. This theory suggested that social comparison does not only occurs through comparison with images in the media but also with socia l throng, e.g. friends and families member. The studies of social comparison often reported positive correlation between social comparison and body dissatisfaction. precis theorySelf-schema theory envisages body images as a amiable construction rather than an objective evaluation (Markus, 1977). A self schema is an individuals mental perception of the way they are. This mental presentation has established over time mainly through pass experience of what others labelled or referred them in a particular way. For example, I am attractive or I am skinny. These kinds of attributes are taken into account in self concept and self esteem.Schema have been defined as cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from pass experiences, that organize and guide the processing of self-related information contained in the individuals social experience (Markus, 1977 pp.64). According to Markus, 1997, schematics unendingly evaluate stimuli that are relevant for their body weight. Media images are one of the stimuli that trigger new schemas.The buyer decision processesAccording to Nicosia, F. 1966, a consumer decision making process involves five stages traditionally, which are problem recognition, information search, evaluate of alternatives, product choice and outcome. Problem recognition occurs when consumer realises a significant difference between the consumers latest order and the ideal state he/she desired. The consumer sees this as a problem and requires a solution to solve, when the problem has been recognised, consumer go forth need adequate information to resolve the problem, in which the consumer volition enter the information stage. There are briefly two kind of information search, the internal search and the external search. Internal search begins when consumer search alternative product from prior experience and his/her existing knowledge on a particular product and its alternatives, external search is when consumer gathers informative from external cu es, for example, friends and advertisements. Finally, the consumer bequeath enter the stage of evaluation of alternatives.The buyer decision model are often used in advertisements, taking the Rimmel Mascara commercial 2007 as an example, the commercial started with Kate Moss ( the historied model) putting on mascara while a male narrator saying the more you put on, the sexier you are. The commercial intend to show differences between the audience current and ideal state of desire by showing the image of Kate Moss with the Rimmel Mascara on. By using a model that majority regard her as attractive, this create an upward comparison with others who offers specific, valued attributes. This could refer to the social comparison theory. The Rimmel Mascara also offered a solution for the problem, the commercial emphasis the more Rimmel mascara the audience put on the sexier they go out be. The positive reinforcement shows the cause and effect of the Rimmel mascara and this increase the li kelihood of conformity.Industry backgroundAdvertising industryThe United Kingdom advertising industry was deserving over 16.5 billion in 2001. There are estimated 600 agencies in London and 20 agencies among the 600 agencies are full service agencies.Agencies can be categorized as 5 distinct types of agenciesCreative agenciesMedia agenciesDirect marketing agenciesDigital/online agenciesFull service agenciesRole of the agenciesCreative agencies work on behalf of clients, develop creative ideas for an advertising campaign.Media agencies consults clients on where, when and how to spending advertising budgets.Direct marketing agencies provide clients direct and strategic communication with the target audience, for example, direct mail.Digital/online agencies profession at digital communication. For example, search engine marketing.Full service agencies combine all the services of creative, media, direct marketing, digital/online agencies.Research questions and objectivesAimTo explore t he methods and strategies that advertising agencies use to influence womens perception of beauty standard.Research questionWhich methods and strategies used my advertising agencies are more efficient to stimulate womens conformity to the presented beauty ideal?ObjectivesTo discuss the methods and strategies used by advertising agencies to influence female beauty standard.To compare the difference, between female in the age groups of 12-18 and 21 27, their perception of beauty standard influenced by printed advertisement.To investigate the ethical issue of advertising the idealised beauty.Research methodologyResearch approachesDeductive approachDeductive approach is employ when a research worker develops a hypothesis that can be tested by a research strategy.Inductive approachInductive approach is employ when researchers collects information and develops theory as a result of information analysis.Research strategiesThere are mainly seven research strategies that are being used in lineage researches.Experiment.Questionnaire.Interview.Case study.Action research.Grounded theory.Ethnography.Archival research.SamplingStatisticians have proved the larger the sample size, the nearer its distribution will be to the normal distribution, statisticians also suggested that a sample size of 30 or more will be more likely to result in a sampling distribution for the recollect that is close to normal distribution. Stutely, 2003 suggested a minimum number of 30 for statistical analysis provide valuable rule of thumb for the smallest number in individually group of the overall sample.Therefore the sampling size of my primary research will be 30.Strategies for my primary researchExperimentExperiment is a undefiled form of research that owes much to the natural science, although it features strongly in much social science research, particularly psychology. The purpose of an experiment is to study casual cerebrate whether a change in one independent variable produces a cha nge in another dependent variable (Hakim, 2000). The experiment strategy concerns the relationship between two variables, it is often used in explanatory or exploratory research to find out why and how questions. The experiment usually takes place in a strictly controlled particular, for example, laboratory to eliminate threats to internal validity. However, whilst the strictly controlled situation enhances the internal validity, the external validity is often hard to establish, as the controlled situation is often not a real life situation.Strategies for my secondary researchMultiple source secondary dataMultiple source secondary data will be an amalgam of both documentary and survey secondary data. It will take account of books, journals, articles, newspaper and previous research. The secondary research will be used to cover objectives below. It will be a mixture of qualitative (theoretical) and quantitative (numerical) data.To discuss the methods and strategies used by advertis ing agencies to influence female beauty standard.To investigate the ethical issue of advertising the idealised beauty.The reason of using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative date is to produce that can be statistically analyse to identify relationship between variables and to have theoretical data to support my research.How the experiment will be conductedThe experiment will be carrying out in order to fulfil objective two. (Compare the difference, between female in the age groups of 12-18 and 21 27, their perception of beauty standard influenced by advertisement.)The reasons of choosing the age groups of 12-18 and 21-27 are because of the significant differences in cognitive maturity. Adolescents are also more likely to conform due to the high need of social acceptance. assumptionAdolescents are more likely to conform to the ideal beauty presented in the media.The sampling30 actors in each age group.Participants selected by random sampling in central London.The experiment w ill be conducted under a controlled situation, for example, a conference room in London.MethodThe method below will be repeated in both 12-18 and 21-27 age group.Divide each age group participants into experimental group and control group.Both groups will be given a survey questioning how satisfy the participant feel about their appearance.Experimental group will be given 10 printed advertisements with attractive female before they answer the survey.The control group will not be given printed advertisements before they answer the survey.Compare the results of both experimental group and control group.Statistically analysis the result of both age groups.ResourcesInternet access for secondary data.Library access for secondary data.Experiment will be host in the conference room of my uncles office, in which permission has been gained and cost free.Excel software to analysis primary research.Printer.Financial resourcesTransport fees for participants involves in primary research.Addition al cost for employing participants in primary research if volunteer participants could not be found.Budget5 pounds transportation fee for each participant.Cost of employing participant will be estimated at 10 pounds each.Total cost = 90pounds.

Greece :: essays research papers

Greece GeographySo you want to know about Greece? hither are some highlights Also check out the links to other sites about Greece.On this rapscallionKey Facts Geographic Landmarks Points of Interest Major Industries historic Highlights Population and Culture Books about Greece Links to other sites about Greece Other related pagesWorld Geography Index Ancient Greece Key FactsTop of paginateGreece is atomic number 53 of the oldest civilizations, dating back over 5000 years. Population 10 million peopleGeographic size 51,000 square milesCapital AthensMajor cities and universe Athens, Patra, Piraeus, Larisa and SalonicaGeographic LandmarksTop of PageMuch of Greece is mountainous and rocky terrain, with the occasional plain. The Pindus Mountains start in northern Greece and stretch south to the Gulf of Patra. In the gray part of Greece are the Peloponnesus Mountains. About 20% of Greece is made up of islands. Crete is a large island located in the Mediterranean Sea. It is a popular tourist knowledge base for its beautiful mountains, coastline, and many old-fashioned ruins. Most of the people in Greece live along the coast, or along rivers and harbors. Points of InterestTop of PageThe people of Greece were wiz of the earliest civilizations. Greece still has many ancient ruins, some over 4000 years old. Greece overly has many medieval churchs. This makes Greece a very popular tourist field of study. Greece is excessively well known for its sculptures, paintings, pottery, poetry and playwriting. Major IndustriesTop of PageThe land within Greece is not very productive for farming. The Greeks have struggled to build a sacrosanct economy. The standard of living in Greece is lower than other European countries. Manufacturing is becoming one of the key industries. Tourism is also very important, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast.Some farming includes wheat, fruits, vegetables, olives and grapes. Some areas support goat and sheep ranching. Fishing also co ntinues to be an important industry. diachronic HighlightsTop of PageAncient Greece is considered the provenance of European civilization, dating back over 5000 years. Many of the ancient ruins date back over 4000 years, with some caves showing signs of life over 10,000 years ago. The ancient greek people may have come from northern Africa. Ancient Greece produced many philosophers and scholars, such as Socrates and Plato. These Greeks contributed significantly to our current culture. They created the first democratic government, sight many scientific principles, and created mathematics. The Greeks also contributed to the artistic community with Homer, who wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey, and other artisans creating sculptures, paintings, pottery, poetry and playwriting.Greece essays research papers Greece GeographySo you want to know about Greece? present are some highlights Also check out the links to other sites about Greece.On this PageKey Facts Geographic Landmarks Poin ts of Interest Major Industries Historical Highlights Population and Culture Books about Greece Links to other sites about Greece Other related pagesWorld Geography Index Ancient Greece Key FactsTop of PageGreece is one of the oldest civilizations, dating back over 5000 years. Population 10 million peopleGeographic size 51,000 square milesCapital AthensMajor cities and population Athens, Patra, Piraeus, Larisa and SalonicaGeographic LandmarksTop of PageMuch of Greece is mountainous and rocky terrain, with the occasional plain. The Pindus Mountains start in northern Greece and stretch south to the Gulf of Patra. In the southern part of Greece are the Peloponnesus Mountains. About 20% of Greece is made up of islands. Crete is a large island located in the Mediterranean Sea. It is a popular tourist area for its beautiful mountains, coastline, and many ancient ruins. Most of the people in Greece live along the coast, or along rivers and harbors. Points of InterestTop of PageThe people of Greece were one of the earliest civilizations. Greece still has many ancient ruins, some over 4000 years old. Greece also has many medieval churchs. This makes Greece a very popular tourist area. Greece is also well known for its sculptures, paintings, pottery, poetry and playwriting. Major IndustriesTop of PageThe land within Greece is not very productive for farming. The Greeks have struggled to build a pie-eyed economy. The standard of living in Greece is lower than other European countries. Manufacturing is becoming one of the key industries. Tourism is also very important, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast.Some farming includes wheat, fruits, vegetables, olives and grapes. Some areas support goat and sheep ranching. Fishing also continues to be an important industry. Historical HighlightsTop of PageAncient Greece is considered the provenance of European civilization, dating back over 5000 years. Many of the ancient ruins date back over 4000 years, with some caves sho wing signs of life over 10,000 years ago. The ancient greek people may have come from northern Africa. Ancient Greece produced many philosophers and scholars, such as Socrates and Plato. These Greeks contributed significantly to our current culture. They created the first democratic government, observed many scientific principles, and created mathematics. The Greeks also contributed to the artistic community with Homer, who wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey, and other artisans creating sculptures, paintings, pottery, poetry and playwriting.