Commercial Contracts in International Oil and Gas Industry

Commercial Contracts in International Oil and Gas IndustryThis idea aims to address the issues associated with long term petroleum contracts concluded between the state and international crude oil companies in terms of the political risks investors tend to face in such(prenominal) contracts as well as the risk of change of circumstances brought about not by the act of the parties but rather by the time. In doing so, the efficiency of some(prenominal) stabilization and renegotiation clauses, as means of mitigating these mentioned risks, atomic number 18 critically examined. It argues that stabilization clauses are exceedingly problematic with regard to their validity and effect as they would normally conflict with the very well established linguistic rule of international law of state s everyplaceeignty, also these clauses are limited only to the change of regulative framework and does not take into consideration the effect of change of other circumstances which may have a cons iderable impact on the parties obligations. Whereas, renegotiation clauses lav be useful to reduce the impact of changes not only the statutory framework of the host state but also other circumstances which are beyond the escort of the parties should proper and clear mechanisms and criteria for implementing these clauses be provided for within the clause.It is widely recognized that regulatory stability of any given state is an essential division of promoting and encouraging investment in general and to attract and secure the confidence of potential foreign investors in particular.1 This is certainly the case for energy projects where investors are unprotected to wide variety of risks throughout the projects life, given the long duration and the capital intensive characters of these projects. In addition, the vurnablity of petroleum contracts to the change of circumstances, which may be beyond their control such as price fluctuation in the international energy market, can make the contractual arrangement that was once profitable becoming highly undesirable a few years later.2 Not to mention the very occurrence that one of the parties of these contracts is state or its agency may well arouse the investors concerns that the contractual arrangements once have been secured at the time of negotiating can be disregarded by unilateral states act later.Therefore, it has been the tendency of oil and gas investors to render protection against these risks by providing for legal mechanism in the contract in order to mitigate their impact throughout the project period. These legal mechanisms tend to be in the form of stability guarantees offered by the state, either stabilization clauses or renegotiation clauses, as well as providing for arbitration to be the manner of dispute resolution. However, tour the latter has become a stable and widely recognized clause aiming to ensure the netiaulty and fairness of resolving disputes arising between the states and IOCs, t he former has generated much concern over their legal validity and effect, simply because of the fact that the main objective of these clauses is to fetter the states right to legislate and regulate for reasonably long period of time.It is the aim of the game chapter to critically analyze the different views given to stabilization clauses in scholars writing and the relevant arbitration awards in terms of their legal validity under both national and international law and the extent to which these clauses can prevent the state from exercising its sovereign power within its territory. Arguing that the sharp divide among scholars and arbitrators in this regard proves the insufficient and uncertain nature of these clauses, which in turns makes the capability of these clauses to provide absolute protection to oil and gas investor questionable.Chapter three goes on to further depone the conclusion reached in the second chapter through using the example of the Russian petroleum experimen t, where the existence of stabilization clauses led to decreasing cooperation between the state and the attention and resulted in disrupting the parties relationship as the petroleum activities went on, given the fact that the Russian fossil oil Law concerned only encouraging the exploration activities while lifting many an(prenominal) essential aspects unregulated with the view that if the oil was to be found, new legislation would be enacted. It is from this chapter where this paper comes to the conclusion that not only does stabilization clauses conflict with the principle of state sovereignty and may well be held invalid as a result, but also these clauses have appeared to be inconsistent with the parties needs to on the table mechanism in order to mitigate the risk of changes of circumstances brought about by time rather than parties acts.Finally, chapter four aims to advocate the recent trend of inserting renegotiation clauses into oil and gas contracts as the proper manne r to mitigate not only the political risk of state behavior but also other mercantile risks associated with petroleum projects, which in the latter case even the host state can enjoy the protection offered by this device. On the other hand, this chapter also recognizes the fact that renegotiation clause may be too flexible, and thus run the risk of the contract being open-ending. Therefore, this chapter argues that the success of this clause depends, to very large extent, on the item drafting agreed by the parties and whether a clear mechanism and guidance have been provided to address potential disputes.Thus, this paper argues that the states right to legislate and to regulate should not be subject to negotiation, nor to be used as an incentive for the purpose of attracting investment as such commitment is difficult to be fulfilled in the long term. Furthermore, stabilization clauses have proved to be inefficient and difficult to predict as well as inconsistent with the parties n eeds in such a long term contract. Whereas, renegotiation clauses can achieve the parties aims and objectives of sustaining the agreed contractual arrangements and encouraging cooperation needed in long term contracts through flexible legal mechanisms.2. BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Primary Sources1.1 Judicial decisionsPreussenElektra case (PreussenElektra AG vs Schleswag AG) ECJ C-379/98, European Court reports 2001, I-02099Stardust Marine case (French Republic v Commission of the European Communities) ECJ C-482/99, European Court reports 2002, I-043971.2 European Union secondary legislationRegulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity, OJ L176/37, 15.07.20032. Secondary Sources2.1 BooksCameron P. D., Legal Aspects of EU Energy Markets, (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2005).Helm D., Energy, the State, and the Market British Energy Policy since 1979 (Oxford Oxford Univer sity Press, 2003).Hunt S., Making Competition Work in Electricity (New York John Wiley Sons, Inc. 2002).2.2 ArticlesMeier, G.M., Impact of the power-market relaxation behavior on the operation of CHP-plants securing the competitiveness on the district heat market, 29(4) Euroheat and Power/Fernwarme International (2000).Klinge Jacobsen, H., Fristrup, P. and Munksgaard, J., Integrated energy markets and varying degrees of liberalisation Price links, bundled sales and CHP labor exemplified by Northern European experiences, 34(18) Energy Policy 3527-3537 (2006).2.3 Other2.3.1 Internet sourcesEuropean Association for the Promotion of Cogeneration (GOGEN Europe), Financial and regulative Support for Cogeneration in EU (2007) http//www.cogeneurope.eu/publications/reports_and_studies.htm (last visited on 31 November 2008)Lowe, Ph., Applying EU Competition Law to the new liberalized energy markets, (13 May 2003) http//europa.eu.int/comm/competition/speeches/text/sp2003_012_en.pdf (last visited on 1 December 2008)1 L. Cotula, Reconciling Regulatory Stability and Evolution of Environmental Standards in Investment Contracts Towards a Rethink of Stabilization articles, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, vol. 1 (2008), p1642 P. Thomas, Evaluating Stabilisation Clause in Venezuelas Strategic Association Agreement for Heavy-Crude Extraction in the Orinoco Belt The Return of a Forgotten Contractual Risk Reduction Mechanism for the Petroleum Industry p.1